Setup

conditionsExcluded outlierHandling EFA_correlation
none keep cor

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Data preparation

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Analysis plan

For all studies we conduct exploratory factor analyses using Pearson correlations to find minimum residual solutions.

For each study, we first examine maximal unrotated and rotated solutions. To determine the maximum number of factors to extract, we use the following rule of thumb: With \(p\) observations per participant, we can extract a maximum of \(k\) factors, where \((p-k)*2 > p+k\), i.e., \(k < p/3\). Thus, with 40 mental capacity items, we can extract a maximum of 13 factors.

To determine how many factors to retain, we use the following preset retention criteria, considering the unrotated maximal solution:

We then examine and interpret varimax-rotated solutions, extracting only the number of factors that meet these criteria.

Note: For Studies 1-2, we initially planned to conduct dimension reduction analyses for each condition (beetle vs. robot) separately. However, we now consider this analysis plan to have been fundamentally flawed: Each of these separate analyses is only capable of surfacing factors that highlight substantial disagreement among participants within that condition thus failing to capture key differences in attributions of mental capacities to beetles vs. robots, with no formal means of synthesizing results across conditions. Nonetheless, the results of these analyses are generally consistent with the findings reported here: The most prominent and reliable finding within each condition is that participants distinguish between emotional and perceptual varieties of experience. See <a href=“https://osf.io/zd3mu”, target=“blank”>https://osf.io/zd3mu for the preregistered analyses, included analysis scripts.

Study 1

Design: 2 conditions (beetle, robot), between-subjects Date conducted: 2015-12-15

Demographics

## Warning in eval(substitute(expr), envir, enclos): NAs introduced by
## coercion
Study 1: Exclusion
did_not_finish failed_catch_trial did_not_provide_yob too_young TOTAL_excluded TOTAL_participated OVERALL_TOTAL
14 19 15 0 48 405 453
Study 1: Sample size
condition n
beetle 200
robot 205
all 405
Study 1: Study duration (minutes)
condition min_duration max_duration median_duration mean_duration sd_duration
beetle 0.77 119.12 2.77 3.92 8.50
robot 0.83 15.77 2.58 3.24 2.11
all 0.77 119.12 2.67 3.58 6.16
## Joining, by = c("condition", "min_age", "max_age", "median_age", "mean_age", "sd_age")
## Warning in full_join_impl(x, y, by$x, by$y, suffix$x, suffix$y): joining
## character vector and factor, coercing into character vector
Study 1: Participant age (years; approximate)
condition min_age max_age median_age mean_age sd_age
beetle 19 70 31 34.24 10.64
robot 20 75 32 35.11 11.20
all 19 75 32 34.68 10.92
Study 1: Participant gender
condition m f other
beetle 119 81 0
robot 121 82 2
all 240 163 2
Study 1: Participant race/ethnicity
condition asian_east asian_other asian_south black hispanic middle_eastern multiracial native_american other_prefno pac_islander white
beetle 20 0 6 8 9 1 11 1 1 1 142
robot 16 2 2 15 9 1 9 1 1 1 148
all 36 2 8 23 18 2 20 2 2 2 290
Study 1: Participant religion
condition buddhism christianity hinduism islam judaism multireligious none other other_prefno
beetle 3 81 2 2 4 0 101 3 4
robot 2 87 0 0 5 3 100 3 5
all 5 168 2 2 9 3 201 6 9

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Exploratory factor analysis

Step 1: Run maximal EFA (without and with rotation)

## Factor Analysis using method =  minres
## Call: fa(r = d1_all, nfactors = 13, rotate = "none", fm = "minres", 
##     cor = chosenCorType)
## Standardized loadings (pattern matrix) based upon correlation matrix
##                  MR1   MR2   MR4   MR3   MR6   MR5   MR7   MR8   MR9  MR11
## happy           0.78  0.26 -0.08  0.29 -0.06 -0.20 -0.07  0.04  0.04  0.01
## depressed       0.75  0.38 -0.21  0.10 -0.11  0.01  0.03  0.10  0.04 -0.04
## fear            0.74 -0.17  0.08  0.41  0.03  0.11 -0.12  0.09  0.02 -0.04
## angry           0.77  0.15 -0.05  0.23 -0.06  0.02 -0.01  0.16  0.08 -0.01
## calm            0.74  0.03  0.11  0.25  0.11  0.00 -0.13  0.00  0.12 -0.01
## sounds          0.11  0.16  0.59 -0.06 -0.30 -0.05 -0.14 -0.12  0.16  0.07
## seeing          0.27  0.01  0.64  0.16 -0.25  0.09  0.04 -0.05 -0.04 -0.10
## temperature     0.18  0.11  0.68  0.08 -0.25  0.06 -0.06 -0.03 -0.11  0.19
## odors           0.37 -0.07  0.47  0.17 -0.24  0.06  0.01 -0.13  0.09 -0.06
## depth           0.22  0.25  0.53 -0.02 -0.11  0.01  0.04 -0.03 -0.03  0.09
## computations   -0.35  0.66  0.22 -0.42 -0.03  0.00 -0.07  0.12  0.00  0.07
## thoughts        0.67  0.26  0.08  0.30  0.15 -0.09  0.14 -0.04  0.04 -0.09
## reasoning       0.26  0.61  0.34 -0.01  0.12  0.00  0.13 -0.09 -0.12 -0.08
## remembering     0.04  0.49  0.57 -0.16  0.03 -0.02 -0.09  0.07 -0.05 -0.01
## beliefs         0.48  0.57 -0.15  0.14  0.05  0.19  0.08 -0.14 -0.02  0.04
## hungry          0.64 -0.47  0.06  0.50 -0.07  0.07  0.05 -0.08 -0.01  0.02
## tired           0.74 -0.21  0.13  0.39 -0.02  0.04  0.03  0.08  0.04  0.14
## pain            0.70 -0.37  0.11  0.48 -0.05  0.10  0.04 -0.01 -0.02 -0.04
## nauseated       0.98 -0.07  0.00 -0.15  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00
## safe            0.72 -0.02  0.10  0.36  0.15 -0.03 -0.40 -0.05 -0.03 -0.04
## love            0.70  0.46 -0.19  0.26 -0.07 -0.02 -0.02  0.03 -0.01  0.01
## recognizing     0.07  0.61  0.50 -0.23 -0.05 -0.01  0.01  0.00  0.10 -0.15
## communicating   0.15  0.41  0.52 -0.01  0.00  0.08 -0.03  0.00  0.02 -0.17
## guilt           0.62  0.47 -0.24  0.17 -0.07  0.15  0.02 -0.03  0.13  0.00
## disrespected    0.64  0.45 -0.21  0.10 -0.08  0.28 -0.06  0.11  0.09  0.00
## free_will       0.69 -0.02  0.06  0.39  0.11 -0.05  0.01  0.06 -0.03 -0.06
## choices         0.32  0.26  0.55  0.14  0.23  0.02  0.08  0.07 -0.24 -0.04
## self_restraint  0.50  0.40  0.13  0.12  0.22  0.05  0.04 -0.13  0.23  0.05
## intentions      0.58  0.12  0.21  0.32  0.25 -0.02  0.05  0.09  0.05  0.26
## goal            0.21  0.33  0.52  0.04  0.04 -0.01  0.19  0.20 -0.02  0.06
## conscious       0.72 -0.03  0.09  0.33  0.08  0.02  0.07 -0.05  0.10 -0.01
## self_aware      0.63  0.20  0.10  0.31  0.08 -0.01  0.15  0.04  0.14 -0.04
## desires         0.74  0.00  0.06  0.34  0.18 -0.01  0.11  0.09 -0.03 -0.01
## embarrassed     0.59  0.55 -0.31  0.16 -0.08  0.27 -0.03 -0.01 -0.15  0.01
## emo_recog       0.45  0.61  0.02  0.07  0.09  0.17  0.13 -0.19  0.00 -0.01
## joy             0.80  0.32 -0.11  0.25 -0.07 -0.35  0.02 -0.03 -0.03  0.00
## morality        0.31  0.62  0.08  0.07  0.20  0.07 -0.06 -0.28  0.01  0.16
## personality     0.53  0.51  0.08  0.19  0.04  0.06  0.10  0.01  0.08 -0.03
## pleasure        0.77  0.00  0.06  0.37  0.04  0.01 -0.01  0.19 -0.02  0.01
## pride           0.67  0.51 -0.22  0.17 -0.04  0.13 -0.02 -0.01 -0.03 -0.03
##                 MR10  MR12  MR13   h2    u2 com
## happy           0.02  0.04 -0.06 0.82 0.179 1.8
## depressed      -0.04  0.09 -0.07 0.80 0.196 1.9
## fear            0.09 -0.01  0.00 0.80 0.202 1.9
## angry           0.08  0.05  0.02 0.71 0.286 1.5
## calm            0.03  0.05  0.00 0.67 0.325 1.5
## sounds          0.07  0.04  0.08 0.56 0.440 2.4
## seeing          0.01  0.04  0.02 0.60 0.404 2.0
## temperature     0.05  0.12  0.12 0.66 0.342 2.0
## odors          -0.09  0.12  0.07 0.51 0.492 3.6
## depth           0.04 -0.07  0.00 0.42 0.577 2.1
## computations    0.14  0.00 -0.04 0.84 0.162 2.9
## thoughts        0.12  0.05  0.07 0.70 0.304 2.3
## reasoning       0.02 -0.02 -0.09 0.62 0.378 2.5
## remembering    -0.03  0.02 -0.09 0.62 0.384 2.3
## beliefs         0.00 -0.01  0.09 0.67 0.327 2.8
## hungry         -0.08  0.00 -0.01 0.91 0.092 3.0
## tired          -0.07 -0.14 -0.10 0.83 0.171 2.1
## pain            0.11 -0.02 -0.07 0.91 0.088 2.6
## nauseated       0.00  0.00  0.00 1.00 0.005 1.1
## safe           -0.05 -0.02  0.02 0.85 0.151 2.3
## love            0.03  0.05 -0.02 0.81 0.186 2.3
## recognizing    -0.09 -0.17  0.00 0.76 0.245 2.8
## communicating  -0.03 -0.16  0.02 0.53 0.470 2.7
## guilt          -0.06  0.08 -0.05 0.75 0.252 2.8
## disrespected   -0.15  0.01  0.05 0.80 0.202 3.0
## free_will       0.00  0.17  0.08 0.69 0.307 1.9
## choices        -0.16  0.17 -0.10 0.68 0.320 4.1
## self_restraint -0.08  0.08 -0.07 0.59 0.406 3.6
## intentions     -0.04 -0.03  0.07 0.64 0.360 3.1
## goal           -0.16 -0.02  0.05 0.54 0.463 3.1
## conscious       0.10  0.01 -0.01 0.67 0.331 1.6
## self_aware      0.10  0.02  0.00 0.61 0.388 2.2
## desires         0.03 -0.03  0.16 0.74 0.263 1.8
## embarrassed     0.03 -0.04 -0.01 0.88 0.122 3.4
## emo_recog       0.04 -0.05  0.09 0.68 0.321 2.5
## joy            -0.02 -0.03  0.01 0.94 0.055 2.1
## morality        0.09  0.00 -0.09 0.65 0.346 2.6
## personality     0.02  0.03 -0.11 0.62 0.385 2.6
## pleasure        0.06 -0.06  0.07 0.79 0.210 1.6
## pride          -0.02 -0.03  0.06 0.81 0.185 2.4
## 
##                         MR1  MR2  MR4  MR3  MR6  MR5  MR7  MR8  MR9 MR11
## SS loadings           13.54 5.47 3.85 2.61 0.70 0.49 0.41 0.40 0.31 0.27
## Proportion Var         0.34 0.14 0.10 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Var         0.34 0.48 0.57 0.64 0.65 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.69 0.70
## Proportion Explained   0.47 0.19 0.13 0.09 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Proportion  0.47 0.66 0.80 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.98
##                       MR10 MR12 MR13
## SS loadings           0.23 0.22 0.18
## Proportion Var        0.01 0.01 0.00
## Cumulative Var        0.71 0.71 0.72
## Proportion Explained  0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Proportion 0.99 0.99 1.00
## 
## Mean item complexity =  2.4
## Test of the hypothesis that 13 factors are sufficient.
## 
## The degrees of freedom for the null model are  780  and the objective function was  36.39 with Chi Square of  14185
## The degrees of freedom for the model are 338  and the objective function was  0.9 
## 
## The root mean square of the residuals (RMSR) is  0.01 
## The df corrected root mean square of the residuals is  0.02 
## 
## The harmonic number of observations is  405 with the empirical chi square  67.74  with prob <  1 
## The total number of observations was  405  with MLE Chi Square =  343.92  with prob <  0.4 
## 
## Tucker Lewis Index of factoring reliability =  0.999
## RMSEA index =  0.014  and the 90 % confidence intervals are  NA 0.02
## BIC =  -1685.39
## Fit based upon off diagonal values = 1
## Measures of factor score adequacy             
##                                                 MR1  MR2  MR4  MR3  MR6
## Correlation of scores with factors             1.00 0.98 0.96 0.98 0.83
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       1.00 0.96 0.92 0.95 0.69
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.99 0.93 0.84 0.90 0.38
##                                                 MR5  MR7  MR8  MR9  MR11
## Correlation of scores with factors             0.90 0.81 0.76 0.72  0.68
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.81 0.65 0.58 0.51  0.46
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.61 0.30 0.17 0.03 -0.07
##                                                 MR10  MR12  MR13
## Correlation of scores with factors              0.70  0.66  0.63
## Multiple R square of scores with factors        0.50  0.44  0.40
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  -0.01 -0.12 -0.20
## Factor Analysis using method =  minres
## Call: fa(r = d1_all, nfactors = 13, rotate = "varimax", fm = "minres", 
##     cor = chosenCorType)
## Standardized loadings (pattern matrix) based upon correlation matrix
##                  MR1   MR2   MR4   MR6  MR10   MR5   MR8  MR11  MR12   MR7
## happy           0.56  0.60  0.09  0.00  0.34 -0.01  0.05  0.00 -0.03  0.08
## depressed       0.37  0.76  0.04  0.04  0.16 -0.14  0.17 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02
## fear            0.84  0.26  0.06 -0.01 -0.05 -0.03  0.01 -0.04 -0.01  0.09
## angry           0.59  0.54  0.09 -0.03  0.09 -0.12  0.10  0.03 -0.04 -0.01
## calm            0.67  0.37  0.15  0.01  0.05  0.06  0.11  0.02  0.01  0.15
## sounds          0.04 -0.03  0.68 -0.25  0.06  0.02  0.03 -0.05 -0.13  0.06
## seeing          0.34 -0.04  0.65  0.00 -0.05 -0.08 -0.05 -0.14 -0.06 -0.07
## temperature     0.19 -0.04  0.72 -0.03 -0.03  0.01 -0.02  0.02 -0.30  0.02
## odors           0.42  0.03  0.48 -0.07 -0.02 -0.09  0.01 -0.12 -0.11 -0.01
## depth           0.10  0.11  0.62  0.00  0.03  0.08  0.05  0.05 -0.01 -0.06
## computations   -0.72  0.18  0.42  0.02  0.02  0.06  0.03  0.06  0.02  0.02
## thoughts        0.53  0.51  0.18  0.12  0.15  0.12  0.00  0.03  0.07 -0.08
## reasoning      -0.04  0.45  0.51  0.27  0.08  0.20  0.01 -0.01  0.14 -0.07
## remembering    -0.18  0.14  0.69  0.19  0.04  0.06  0.04  0.03  0.06  0.10
## beliefs         0.12  0.78  0.11  0.04 -0.05  0.14 -0.02  0.07  0.02 -0.01
## hungry          0.91  0.03 -0.06 -0.02 -0.03 -0.04 -0.03 -0.05 -0.09 -0.04
## tired           0.84  0.22  0.11 -0.01  0.03 -0.01  0.05  0.12  0.00 -0.05
## pain            0.93  0.11  0.02 -0.02 -0.04  0.00 -0.02 -0.13 -0.04 -0.09
## nauseated       0.66  0.45  0.10 -0.01  0.07 -0.03  0.59 -0.01  0.01  0.02
## safe            0.72  0.32  0.11  0.04  0.07  0.11  0.03 -0.03  0.03  0.44
## love            0.38  0.79  0.06  0.03  0.20 -0.01  0.00  0.00 -0.05  0.04
## recognizing    -0.27  0.28  0.70  0.03  0.05  0.01  0.07  0.05  0.30  0.03
## communicating   0.00  0.19  0.64  0.07 -0.05  0.04 -0.04  0.00  0.26  0.06
## guilt           0.26  0.81  0.02 -0.01  0.03 -0.03  0.02 -0.01 -0.02  0.00
## disrespected    0.26  0.81  0.06 -0.02 -0.11 -0.18  0.08  0.08  0.03  0.11
## free_will       0.71  0.33  0.07  0.17  0.10 -0.04  0.00  0.03 -0.08  0.06
## choices         0.25  0.16  0.55  0.53  0.00  0.06  0.00  0.06 -0.01  0.04
## self_restraint  0.26  0.53  0.25  0.11  0.00  0.21  0.04  0.11  0.07  0.03
## intentions      0.56  0.31  0.22  0.13  0.03  0.16 -0.01  0.36 -0.04  0.01
## goal            0.09  0.15  0.59  0.24  0.03 -0.08 -0.02  0.27  0.07 -0.10
## conscious       0.71  0.34  0.10  0.01  0.04  0.09  0.05  0.00  0.02 -0.07
## self_aware      0.54  0.46  0.18  0.05  0.08  0.04 -0.03  0.06  0.07 -0.13
## desires         0.72  0.36  0.08  0.12  0.04  0.02  0.06  0.18  0.06 -0.02
## embarrassed     0.19  0.89  0.00  0.03 -0.07  0.00  0.01 -0.04 -0.02  0.04
## emo_recog       0.07  0.72  0.26  0.06 -0.05  0.21  0.01  0.06  0.10 -0.06
## joy             0.52  0.64  0.09  0.02  0.49  0.03  0.10  0.05  0.02  0.03
## morality       -0.02  0.60  0.27  0.08  0.01  0.45 -0.03  0.04 -0.01  0.08
## personality     0.25  0.65  0.28  0.12  0.07  0.07 -0.04  0.01  0.07 -0.08
## pleasure        0.76  0.39  0.11  0.04  0.06 -0.07  0.03  0.12  0.02  0.02
## pride           0.29  0.84  0.06  0.01  0.05 -0.02  0.05  0.03  0.05  0.07
##                  MR3   MR9  MR13   h2    u2 com
## happy           0.09  0.07 -0.02 0.82 0.179 2.8
## depressed       0.07  0.07 -0.04 0.80 0.196 1.8
## fear            0.09 -0.01  0.00 0.80 0.202 1.3
## angry           0.15  0.05  0.04 0.71 0.286 2.4
## calm            0.07  0.14  0.04 0.67 0.325 2.1
## sounds         -0.02  0.09  0.02 0.56 0.440 1.5
## seeing         -0.11 -0.04  0.01 0.60 0.404 1.8
## temperature    -0.03 -0.09  0.01 0.66 0.342 1.6
## odors          -0.22  0.10  0.02 0.51 0.492 3.0
## depth           0.02 -0.04 -0.03 0.42 0.577 1.2
## computations    0.31  0.01  0.02 0.84 0.162 2.3
## thoughts        0.03  0.08  0.23 0.70 0.304 3.2
## reasoning       0.05 -0.01  0.06 0.62 0.378 3.3
## remembering     0.16  0.06 -0.02 0.62 0.384 1.7
## beliefs        -0.06 -0.03  0.08 0.67 0.327 1.2
## hungry         -0.23 -0.03 -0.09 0.91 0.092 1.2
## tired          -0.02 -0.01 -0.23 0.83 0.171 1.4
## pain           -0.03 -0.05 -0.05 0.91 0.088 1.1
## nauseated       0.01  0.02  0.00 1.00 0.005 2.8
## safe            0.02  0.02 -0.01 0.85 0.151 2.3
## love            0.07  0.00  0.01 0.81 0.186 1.6
## recognizing     0.03  0.08  0.01 0.76 0.245 2.2
## communicating   0.03  0.00  0.04 0.53 0.470 1.6
## guilt          -0.02  0.14 -0.05 0.75 0.252 1.3
## disrespected    0.00  0.06 -0.08 0.80 0.202 1.5
## free_will      -0.01  0.07  0.15 0.69 0.307 1.8
## choices         0.00  0.04  0.01 0.68 0.320 2.7
## self_restraint -0.02  0.33  0.01 0.59 0.406 3.5
## intentions      0.06  0.08  0.00 0.64 0.360 3.2
## goal            0.02  0.04  0.00 0.54 0.463 2.2
## conscious       0.01  0.09  0.07 0.67 0.331 1.6
## self_aware      0.07  0.13  0.11 0.61 0.388 2.8
## desires         0.01 -0.04  0.17 0.74 0.263 1.9
## embarrassed     0.05 -0.18 -0.06 0.88 0.122 1.2
## emo_recog      -0.07 -0.02  0.13 0.68 0.321 1.7
## joy            -0.02 -0.02  0.03 0.94 0.055 3.0
## morality        0.04  0.08  0.00 0.65 0.346 2.5
## personality     0.08  0.12  0.00 0.62 0.385 2.1
## pleasure        0.11 -0.07  0.04 0.79 0.210 1.7
## pride           0.01 -0.07  0.03 0.81 0.185 1.3
## 
##                         MR1  MR2  MR4  MR6 MR10  MR5  MR8 MR11 MR12  MR7
## SS loadings           10.14 9.31 5.03 0.65 0.54 0.54 0.46 0.38 0.37 0.35
## Proportion Var         0.25 0.23 0.13 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Var         0.25 0.49 0.61 0.63 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.69
## Proportion Explained   0.35 0.32 0.18 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Proportion  0.35 0.68 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.97
##                        MR3  MR9 MR13
## SS loadings           0.34 0.32 0.24
## Proportion Var        0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Var        0.70 0.71 0.72
## Proportion Explained  0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Proportion 0.98 0.99 1.00
## 
## Mean item complexity =  2
## Test of the hypothesis that 13 factors are sufficient.
## 
## The degrees of freedom for the null model are  780  and the objective function was  36.39 with Chi Square of  14185
## The degrees of freedom for the model are 338  and the objective function was  0.9 
## 
## The root mean square of the residuals (RMSR) is  0.01 
## The df corrected root mean square of the residuals is  0.02 
## 
## The harmonic number of observations is  405 with the empirical chi square  67.74  with prob <  1 
## The total number of observations was  405  with MLE Chi Square =  343.92  with prob <  0.4 
## 
## Tucker Lewis Index of factoring reliability =  0.999
## RMSEA index =  0.014  and the 90 % confidence intervals are  NA 0.02
## BIC =  -1685.39
## Fit based upon off diagonal values = 1
## Measures of factor score adequacy             
##                                                 MR1  MR2  MR4  MR6 MR10
## Correlation of scores with factors             0.98 0.98 0.96 0.75 0.89
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.97 0.95 0.91 0.57 0.80
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.94 0.91 0.83 0.13 0.60
##                                                 MR5  MR8 MR11  MR12  MR7
## Correlation of scores with factors             0.76 0.98 0.71  0.69 0.79
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.58 0.96 0.51  0.48 0.63
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.16 0.91 0.02 -0.03 0.26
##                                                 MR3  MR9  MR13
## Correlation of scores with factors             0.74 0.71  0.68
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.55 0.51  0.46
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.10 0.01 -0.08

Step 2: Run EFA with varimax rotation

## Factor Analysis using method =  minres
## Call: fa(r = d1_all, nfactors = nfactors_d1_all, rotate = "varimax", 
##     fm = "minres", cor = chosenCorType)
## Standardized loadings (pattern matrix) based upon correlation matrix
##                  MR1   MR2   MR3   h2   u2 com
## happy           0.55  0.65  0.10 0.74 0.26 2.0
## depressed       0.37  0.78  0.03 0.75 0.25 1.4
## fear            0.82  0.28  0.06 0.76 0.24 1.2
## angry           0.58  0.57  0.08 0.67 0.33 2.0
## calm            0.65  0.41  0.17 0.62 0.38 1.9
## sounds          0.06 -0.05  0.61 0.38 0.62 1.0
## seeing          0.36 -0.07  0.61 0.51 0.49 1.7
## temperature     0.21 -0.06  0.66 0.48 0.52 1.2
## odors           0.45 -0.01  0.43 0.39 0.61 2.0
## depth           0.11  0.11  0.62 0.40 0.60 1.1
## computations   -0.74  0.19  0.44 0.78 0.22 1.8
## thoughts        0.50  0.55  0.22 0.61 0.39 2.3
## reasoning      -0.06  0.47  0.57 0.55 0.45 2.0
## remembering    -0.20  0.17  0.72 0.59 0.41 1.3
## beliefs         0.11  0.76  0.12 0.60 0.40 1.1
## hungry          0.93  0.01 -0.08 0.87 0.13 1.0
## tired           0.83  0.23  0.10 0.76 0.24 1.2
## pain            0.93  0.10  0.01 0.87 0.13 1.0
## nauseated       0.65  0.50  0.09 0.68 0.32 1.9
## safe            0.70  0.36  0.13 0.63 0.37 1.6
## love            0.37  0.81  0.06 0.79 0.21 1.4
## recognizing    -0.29  0.29  0.71 0.67 0.33 1.7
## communicating  -0.02  0.20  0.65 0.46 0.54 1.2
## guilt           0.26  0.80  0.02 0.70 0.30 1.2
## disrespected    0.25  0.78  0.04 0.68 0.32 1.2
## free_will       0.70  0.37  0.09 0.63 0.37 1.5
## choices         0.25  0.18  0.60 0.46 0.54 1.5
## self_restraint  0.24  0.55  0.31 0.45 0.55 2.0
## intentions      0.54  0.35  0.27 0.48 0.52 2.3
## goal            0.09  0.17  0.62 0.42 0.58 1.2
## conscious       0.70  0.36  0.12 0.64 0.36 1.6
## self_aware      0.52  0.48  0.22 0.55 0.45 2.3
## desires         0.69  0.40  0.11 0.66 0.34 1.7
## embarrassed     0.19  0.85 -0.01 0.76 0.24 1.1
## emo_recog       0.06  0.70  0.29 0.58 0.42 1.3
## joy             0.51  0.70  0.10 0.76 0.24 1.9
## morality       -0.04  0.60  0.32 0.47 0.53 1.5
## personality     0.23  0.66  0.31 0.58 0.42 1.7
## pleasure        0.74  0.43  0.11 0.74 0.26 1.7
## pride           0.28  0.85  0.05 0.80 0.20 1.2
## 
##                        MR1  MR2  MR3
## SS loadings           9.92 9.81 5.17
## Proportion Var        0.25 0.25 0.13
## Cumulative Var        0.25 0.49 0.62
## Proportion Explained  0.40 0.39 0.21
## Cumulative Proportion 0.40 0.79 1.00
## 
## Mean item complexity =  1.6
## Test of the hypothesis that 3 factors are sufficient.
## 
## The degrees of freedom for the null model are  780  and the objective function was  36.39 with Chi Square of  14185
## The degrees of freedom for the model are 663  and the objective function was  3.81 
## 
## The root mean square of the residuals (RMSR) is  0.03 
## The df corrected root mean square of the residuals is  0.03 
## 
## The harmonic number of observations is  405 with the empirical chi square  500.89  with prob <  1 
## The total number of observations was  405  with MLE Chi Square =  1475.92  with prob <  8.7e-64 
## 
## Tucker Lewis Index of factoring reliability =  0.928
## RMSEA index =  0.057  and the 90 % confidence intervals are  0.051 0.059
## BIC =  -2504.66
## Fit based upon off diagonal values = 1
## Measures of factor score adequacy             
##                                                 MR1  MR2  MR3
## Correlation of scores with factors             0.98 0.98 0.95
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.97 0.95 0.91
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.93 0.91 0.81

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Factor loadings table

Study 1: Rotated Factor Loadings
MR1 MR2 MR3
hungry 0.93 0.01 -0.08
pain 0.93 0.10 0.01
tired 0.83 0.23 0.10
fear 0.82 0.28 0.06
computations -0.74 0.19 0.44
pleasure 0.74 0.43 0.11
conscious 0.70 0.36 0.12
free_will 0.70 0.37 0.09
safe 0.70 0.36 0.13
desires 0.69 0.40 0.11
calm 0.65 0.41 0.17
nauseated 0.65 0.50 0.09
angry 0.58 0.57 0.08
intentions 0.54 0.35 0.27
self_aware 0.52 0.48 0.22
odors 0.45 -0.01 0.43
embarrassed 0.19 0.85 -0.01
pride 0.28 0.85 0.05
love 0.37 0.81 0.06
guilt 0.26 0.80 0.02
depressed 0.37 0.78 0.03
disrespected 0.25 0.78 0.04
beliefs 0.11 0.76 0.12
emo_recog 0.06 0.70 0.29
joy 0.51 0.70 0.10
personality 0.23 0.66 0.31
happy 0.55 0.65 0.10
morality -0.04 0.60 0.32
thoughts 0.50 0.55 0.22
self_restraint 0.24 0.55 0.31
remembering -0.20 0.17 0.72
recognizing -0.29 0.29 0.71
temperature 0.21 -0.06 0.66
communicating -0.02 0.20 0.65
goal 0.09 0.17 0.62
depth 0.11 0.11 0.62
sounds 0.06 -0.05 0.61
seeing 0.36 -0.07 0.61
choices 0.25 0.18 0.60
reasoning -0.06 0.47 0.57

Study 2

Design: 2 conditions (beetle, robot), between-subjects (replication of Study 1) Date conducted: 2016-01-12

Demographics

Study 2: Exclusion
did_not_finish failed_catch_trial did_not_provide_yob too_young TOTAL_excluded TOTAL_participated OVERALL_TOTAL
0 0 13 0 13 406 419
Study 2: Sample size
condition n
beetle 202
robot 204
all 406
Study 2: Study duration (minutes)
condition min_duration max_duration median_duration mean_duration sd_duration
beetle 0.92 28.95 2.69 3.54 3.17
robot 1.00 16.72 2.52 3.18 2.17
all 0.92 28.95 2.63 3.36 2.72
## Joining, by = c("condition", "min_age", "max_age", "median_age", "mean_age", "sd_age")
## Warning in full_join_impl(x, y, by$x, by$y, suffix$x, suffix$y): joining
## character vector and factor, coercing into character vector
Study 2: Participant age (years; approximate)
condition min_age max_age median_age mean_age sd_age
beetle 20 70 32 34.95 10.99
robot 20 70 33 35.60 10.92
all 20 70 33 35.28 10.95
Study 2: Participant gender
condition m f other
beetle 93 108 1
robot 106 97 1
all 199 205 2
Study 2: Participant race/ethnicity
condition asian_east asian_south black hispanic middle_eastern multiracial native_american other_prefno pac_islander white
beetle 8 7 12 11 0 3 1 1 0 159
robot 14 1 14 10 1 5 1 2 1 155
all 22 8 26 21 1 8 2 3 1 314
Study 2: Participant religion
condition buddhism christianity hinduism islam judaism multireligious none other other_prefno
beetle 6 80 1 3 5 1 95 6 5
robot 3 85 0 2 2 1 105 4 2
all 9 165 1 5 7 2 200 10 7

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Exploratory factor analysis

Step 1: Run maximal EFA (without and with rotation)

## Factor Analysis using method =  minres
## Call: fa(r = d2_all, nfactors = 13, rotate = "none", fm = "minres", 
##     cor = chosenCorType)
## Standardized loadings (pattern matrix) based upon correlation matrix
##                  MR1   MR2   MR3   MR4   MR5   MR6   MR7  MR11   MR9   MR8
## happy           0.84  0.15 -0.09 -0.22  0.04 -0.07 -0.02  0.04 -0.03  0.10
## depressed       0.79  0.31 -0.27 -0.09 -0.32  0.11 -0.01  0.00 -0.05 -0.01
## fear            0.80 -0.32  0.09  0.00 -0.03 -0.02 -0.06 -0.01 -0.03  0.05
## angry           0.78 -0.01 -0.04 -0.07  0.02 -0.14  0.02 -0.01 -0.09  0.01
## calm            0.73  0.01  0.16 -0.21  0.17 -0.04 -0.01  0.05  0.09  0.06
## sounds          0.12  0.17  0.68 -0.07 -0.10 -0.09  0.13 -0.01  0.03  0.12
## seeing          0.37 -0.05  0.65  0.14 -0.07 -0.06  0.00 -0.14 -0.05  0.06
## temperature     0.25  0.00  0.61  0.09 -0.24 -0.15 -0.09  0.15  0.13  0.00
## odors           0.44 -0.13  0.52  0.20 -0.25 -0.11 -0.23  0.17  0.09  0.01
## depth           0.16  0.23  0.51  0.10 -0.10 -0.11 -0.09  0.14  0.00 -0.07
## computations   -0.39  0.75  0.28 -0.09 -0.05 -0.05  0.08  0.02  0.06 -0.03
## thoughts        0.75  0.10  0.11 -0.04  0.17  0.27  0.01  0.10  0.04 -0.02
## reasoning       0.24  0.55  0.34  0.11  0.09  0.16 -0.11  0.10 -0.02 -0.10
## remembering     0.06  0.48  0.58 -0.07  0.01  0.01  0.10 -0.11  0.10  0.06
## beliefs         0.49  0.43 -0.07  0.18 -0.02  0.08  0.17  0.14  0.00  0.02
## hungry          0.69 -0.64  0.03  0.16 -0.06 -0.05  0.00 -0.02  0.02  0.01
## tired           0.77 -0.39  0.11 -0.01  0.01 -0.03  0.07 -0.04 -0.07 -0.03
## pain            0.74 -0.52  0.07  0.08 -0.03 -0.02  0.02 -0.05  0.01 -0.07
## nauseated       0.73 -0.08 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -0.08  0.03 -0.01  0.00 -0.07
## safe            0.76 -0.17  0.11 -0.04  0.16 -0.04 -0.07  0.10 -0.06  0.16
## love            0.75  0.27 -0.20 -0.01 -0.02  0.02  0.12 -0.01  0.11 -0.05
## recognizing     0.07  0.63  0.44 -0.04  0.00 -0.07  0.01 -0.03  0.03  0.04
## communicating   0.25  0.28  0.62  0.02 -0.15 -0.03  0.15 -0.19  0.00 -0.03
## guilt           0.64  0.47 -0.32  0.22  0.04 -0.12  0.02 -0.06  0.10  0.02
## disrespected    0.63  0.36 -0.24  0.20  0.06 -0.08 -0.05  0.01 -0.05  0.09
## free_will       0.68 -0.27  0.14  0.05 -0.01  0.18  0.11 -0.13  0.03  0.02
## choices         0.37  0.22  0.59 -0.01  0.04  0.08  0.07 -0.08 -0.07 -0.06
## self_restraint  0.42  0.40  0.14  0.17  0.15  0.13 -0.06  0.02 -0.01 -0.04
## intentions      0.63 -0.06  0.31  0.10  0.12  0.16  0.23  0.08 -0.19  0.03
## goal            0.30  0.23  0.59  0.00 -0.04 -0.02  0.05  0.08 -0.15  0.03
## conscious       0.74 -0.25  0.15 -0.04  0.11  0.27 -0.04  0.02  0.11  0.13
## self_aware      0.70  0.15  0.12 -0.02  0.10  0.27 -0.17 -0.08  0.16  0.08
## desires         0.80 -0.06  0.06 -0.02  0.10 -0.01  0.15  0.15 -0.07 -0.18
## embarrassed     0.61  0.44 -0.31  0.22  0.01 -0.08  0.10  0.02  0.12  0.04
## emo_recog       0.50  0.54  0.07  0.20  0.13 -0.01 -0.18 -0.06 -0.11 -0.15
## joy             0.84  0.13 -0.05 -0.28  0.09 -0.17 -0.08 -0.02 -0.05  0.06
## morality        0.31  0.59  0.11  0.26  0.14  0.07 -0.27 -0.09 -0.13 -0.12
## personality     0.58  0.43  0.11 -0.11  0.07  0.00 -0.08 -0.14 -0.07 -0.01
## pleasure        0.84 -0.11  0.02 -0.23  0.10 -0.05  0.00  0.00  0.13 -0.22
## pride           0.69  0.39 -0.25  0.24  0.12 -0.07  0.11  0.03  0.00  0.06
##                 MR10  MR12  MR13   h2    u2 com
## happy          -0.01  0.06 -0.10 0.82 0.179 1.3
## depressed      -0.01  0.01  0.01 0.93 0.072 2.0
## fear            0.15  0.09  0.12 0.80 0.203 1.5
## angry           0.15 -0.06  0.11 0.68 0.320 1.3
## calm           -0.06  0.11  0.01 0.66 0.339 1.5
## sounds          0.12  0.01 -0.02 0.59 0.414 1.6
## seeing         -0.10  0.08 -0.07 0.63 0.367 2.1
## temperature     0.02 -0.05 -0.08 0.59 0.412 2.3
## odors          -0.03 -0.09  0.05 0.69 0.307 4.1
## depth           0.08 -0.04  0.06 0.41 0.585 2.4
## computations    0.09  0.00  0.01 0.83 0.175 2.0
## thoughts       -0.04 -0.04  0.00 0.71 0.295 1.5
## reasoning      -0.02  0.06 -0.08 0.56 0.437 3.0
## remembering    -0.06  0.06 -0.07 0.63 0.369 2.3
## beliefs        -0.12  0.20  0.00 0.58 0.419 3.4
## hungry         -0.06  0.01 -0.06 0.92 0.081 2.2
## tired           0.05  0.03  0.10 0.79 0.211 1.6
## pain            0.07  0.02 -0.03 0.84 0.157 1.9
## nauseated       0.06  0.11  0.02 0.57 0.431 1.1
## safe           -0.05  0.09  0.08 0.71 0.291 1.5
## love            0.02 -0.02 -0.12 0.71 0.287 1.6
## recognizing     0.06  0.07  0.01 0.61 0.391 1.9
## communicating  -0.01  0.01  0.09 0.62 0.378 2.4
## guilt          -0.10 -0.03  0.13 0.84 0.157 3.1
## disrespected    0.19 -0.10 -0.07 0.70 0.299 2.7
## free_will       0.05 -0.13 -0.06 0.65 0.348 1.9
## choices        -0.02 -0.01 -0.06 0.56 0.442 2.3
## self_restraint -0.08 -0.05  0.07 0.45 0.554 3.3
## intentions     -0.07 -0.15  0.06 0.68 0.316 2.6
## goal           -0.16 -0.11  0.08 0.57 0.425 2.4
## conscious       0.02  0.05  0.04 0.76 0.245 1.9
## self_aware      0.11 -0.11  0.01 0.70 0.304 2.0
## desires         0.07  0.00 -0.07 0.74 0.256 1.4
## embarrassed    -0.06 -0.02  0.00 0.74 0.257 3.0
## emo_recog       0.02  0.12 -0.02 0.69 0.312 3.1
## joy            -0.07 -0.09 -0.05 0.87 0.134 1.5
## morality       -0.01  0.01 -0.05 0.65 0.345 3.1
## personality    -0.05 -0.02 -0.03 0.59 0.414 2.3
## pleasure       -0.03 -0.02  0.06 0.85 0.150 1.4
## pride           0.12  0.00 -0.04 0.80 0.201 2.5
## 
##                         MR1  MR2  MR3  MR4  MR5  MR6  MR7 MR11  MR9  MR8
## SS loadings           14.61 4.99 4.33 0.77 0.53 0.52 0.47 0.30 0.27 0.26
## Proportion Var         0.37 0.12 0.11 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Var         0.37 0.49 0.60 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.66 0.66 0.67 0.68
## Proportion Explained   0.53 0.18 0.16 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Proportion  0.53 0.71 0.86 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98
##                       MR10 MR12 MR13
## SS loadings           0.26 0.23 0.17
## Proportion Var        0.01 0.01 0.00
## Cumulative Var        0.68 0.69 0.69
## Proportion Explained  0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Proportion 0.99 0.99 1.00
## 
## Mean item complexity =  2.2
## Test of the hypothesis that 13 factors are sufficient.
## 
## The degrees of freedom for the null model are  780  and the objective function was  33.07 with Chi Square of  12924.08
## The degrees of freedom for the model are 338  and the objective function was  0.92 
## 
## The root mean square of the residuals (RMSR) is  0.01 
## The df corrected root mean square of the residuals is  0.02 
## 
## The harmonic number of observations is  406 with the empirical chi square  77.28  with prob <  1 
## The total number of observations was  406  with MLE Chi Square =  351.09  with prob <  0.3 
## 
## Tucker Lewis Index of factoring reliability =  0.997
## RMSEA index =  0.016  and the 90 % confidence intervals are  NA 0.021
## BIC =  -1679.06
## Fit based upon off diagonal values = 1
## Measures of factor score adequacy             
##                                                 MR1  MR2  MR3  MR4  MR5
## Correlation of scores with factors             0.99 0.98 0.96 0.89 0.86
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.99 0.96 0.93 0.78 0.74
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.97 0.92 0.86 0.57 0.48
##                                                 MR6  MR7  MR11  MR9  MR8
## Correlation of scores with factors             0.82 0.77  0.68 0.71 0.72
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.67 0.60  0.47 0.50 0.52
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.33 0.20 -0.06 0.00 0.03
##                                                 MR10  MR12  MR13
## Correlation of scores with factors              0.70  0.65  0.64
## Multiple R square of scores with factors        0.49  0.42  0.41
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  -0.02 -0.15 -0.18
## Factor Analysis using method =  minres
## Call: fa(r = d2_all, nfactors = 13, rotate = "varimax", fm = "minres", 
##     cor = chosenCorType)
## Standardized loadings (pattern matrix) based upon correlation matrix
##                  MR1   MR2   MR3  MR13   MR4  MR11   MR6   MR9   MR5  MR12
## happy           0.56  0.57  0.11  0.37 -0.01 -0.04  0.06 -0.04  0.11  0.07
## depressed       0.39  0.72  0.02  0.14 -0.02  0.04  0.08 -0.01  0.47  0.04
## fear            0.84  0.21  0.08  0.03  0.02  0.09  0.02 -0.06  0.06 -0.01
## angry           0.62  0.45  0.10  0.17 -0.01  0.01 -0.03  0.03  0.06 -0.13
## calm            0.59  0.32  0.24  0.31  0.02 -0.05  0.12 -0.03 -0.07  0.15
## sounds          0.07 -0.07  0.74  0.02 -0.11  0.02  0.02 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01
## seeing          0.39 -0.03  0.64 -0.05  0.10  0.09 -0.07  0.00 -0.04  0.01
## temperature     0.23 -0.05  0.59  0.00 -0.04  0.41 -0.01 -0.06  0.00  0.00
## odors           0.42  0.02  0.46 -0.04  0.04  0.54  0.02  0.02  0.02 -0.01
## depth           0.03  0.07  0.56 -0.01  0.11  0.26 -0.02  0.02 -0.02 -0.01
## computations   -0.71  0.14  0.49  0.05  0.01 -0.09  0.05 -0.07  0.03  0.01
## thoughts        0.55  0.42  0.20  0.11  0.14 -0.03  0.30  0.18  0.03  0.13
## reasoning      -0.09  0.36  0.49  0.02  0.33  0.04  0.16  0.06  0.00  0.14
## remembering    -0.17  0.12  0.74  0.08  0.03 -0.11  0.12 -0.05 -0.04  0.06
## beliefs         0.12  0.65  0.18 -0.05  0.03 -0.04 -0.01  0.08  0.06  0.31
## hungry          0.90  0.02 -0.10 -0.08 -0.06  0.20 -0.08  0.02 -0.03 -0.02
## tired           0.86  0.15  0.08  0.01 -0.02  0.02 -0.06  0.05  0.04 -0.03
## pain            0.90  0.08 -0.01 -0.06 -0.02  0.11 -0.04 -0.03  0.01 -0.06
## nauseated       0.63  0.38  0.07  0.09  0.02  0.01 -0.05 -0.08  0.06  0.03
## safe            0.71  0.28  0.12  0.21  0.06  0.05  0.05  0.08 -0.09  0.14
## love            0.40  0.69  0.05  0.11 -0.05 -0.05  0.10 -0.03  0.11  0.00
## recognizing    -0.26  0.28  0.65  0.10  0.09 -0.05  0.06 -0.08 -0.01  0.04
## communicating   0.11  0.10  0.75 -0.07  0.00 -0.05 -0.02  0.00  0.09 -0.06
## guilt           0.17  0.88  0.00  0.04  0.03  0.02  0.00  0.01 -0.03 -0.02
## disrespected    0.25  0.75  0.01  0.05  0.09  0.06  0.05  0.00 -0.03 -0.15
## free_will       0.72  0.17  0.14 -0.09 -0.04 -0.03  0.18  0.10  0.07 -0.13
## choices         0.23  0.12  0.66  0.03  0.15 -0.06  0.07  0.10  0.02 -0.01
## self_restraint  0.10  0.48  0.29  0.00  0.25  0.01  0.15  0.16 -0.05  0.05
## intentions      0.57  0.23  0.34 -0.05  0.03 -0.06  0.05  0.42 -0.02  0.02
## goal            0.15  0.09  0.66  0.11  0.07  0.10 -0.02  0.27  0.03  0.04
## conscious       0.76  0.17  0.11  0.03  0.04  0.00  0.34  0.04  0.01  0.13
## self_aware      0.47  0.42  0.22  0.08  0.16  0.02  0.46 -0.01  0.05 -0.07
## desires         0.68  0.39  0.14  0.08  0.05 -0.01 -0.04  0.12  0.01  0.05
## embarrassed     0.16  0.84 -0.01  0.01 -0.04  0.03  0.02  0.02 -0.02  0.03
## emo_recog       0.10  0.63  0.30  0.05  0.43  0.00 -0.02 -0.04  0.00  0.02
## joy             0.56  0.52  0.13  0.50  0.02 -0.02  0.03  0.02  0.07 -0.09
## morality       -0.09  0.54  0.30  0.00  0.50  0.04  0.07  0.02 -0.01 -0.05
## personality     0.22  0.53  0.33  0.27  0.20 -0.10  0.09  0.01  0.10 -0.06
## pleasure        0.73  0.35  0.09  0.26  0.03 -0.01  0.07 -0.04  0.04 -0.01
## pride           0.27  0.83  0.03 -0.02  0.03 -0.04  0.01  0.02 -0.09 -0.02
##                  MR8   MR7  MR10   h2    u2 com
## happy           0.06  0.01 -0.06 0.82 0.179 3.0
## depressed       0.01  0.01  0.02 0.93 0.072 2.5
## fear           -0.07  0.13 -0.07 0.80 0.203 1.3
## angry           0.00  0.19 -0.01 0.68 0.320 2.4
## calm            0.00  0.03  0.06 0.66 0.339 2.9
## sounds          0.04  0.07 -0.10 0.59 0.414 1.2
## seeing         -0.11 -0.19 -0.06 0.63 0.367 2.1
## temperature     0.08 -0.04 -0.01 0.59 0.412 2.2
## odors          -0.06 -0.01  0.00 0.69 0.307 2.9
## depth           0.04  0.14  0.01 0.41 0.585 1.7
## computations    0.09  0.15  0.05 0.83 0.175 2.1
## thoughts        0.10  0.01  0.07 0.71 0.295 3.7
## reasoning       0.13  0.01  0.01 0.56 0.437 3.5
## remembering     0.01 -0.08  0.03 0.63 0.369 1.4
## beliefs         0.03 -0.02  0.00 0.58 0.419 1.8
## hungry         -0.03 -0.19 -0.02 0.92 0.081 1.3
## tired          -0.03  0.05  0.03 0.79 0.211 1.1
## pain            0.05 -0.06  0.01 0.84 0.157 1.1
## nauseated       0.04  0.05  0.05 0.57 0.431 1.9
## safe           -0.11  0.06 -0.10 0.71 0.291 1.9
## love            0.16 -0.07  0.08 0.71 0.287 2.0
## recognizing     0.01  0.10 -0.01 0.61 0.391 2.0
## communicating  -0.08 -0.01  0.09 0.62 0.378 1.2
## guilt          -0.16  0.00  0.13 0.84 0.157 1.2
## disrespected    0.06  0.08 -0.17 0.70 0.299 1.5
## free_will       0.05 -0.13 -0.01 0.65 0.348 1.6
## choices         0.08 -0.05  0.02 0.56 0.442 1.6
## self_restraint -0.04  0.01  0.07 0.45 0.554 3.1
## intentions      0.04 -0.01 -0.03 0.68 0.316 3.0
## goal           -0.06  0.01  0.02 0.57 0.425 1.7
## conscious      -0.04 -0.02 -0.04 0.76 0.245 1.7
## self_aware     -0.01  0.01  0.00 0.70 0.304 3.8
## desires         0.27  0.07  0.07 0.74 0.256 2.3
## embarrassed    -0.01 -0.04  0.05 0.74 0.257 1.1
## emo_recog       0.00  0.04  0.01 0.69 0.312 2.4
## joy             0.01  0.01  0.03 0.87 0.134 3.2
## morality       -0.03 -0.02 -0.03 0.65 0.345 2.7
## personality    -0.03 -0.02  0.04 0.59 0.414 3.5
## pleasure        0.10  0.05  0.30 0.85 0.150 2.3
## pride           0.07  0.06 -0.09 0.80 0.201 1.3
## 
##                        MR1  MR2  MR3 MR13  MR4 MR11  MR6  MR9  MR5 MR12
## SS loadings           9.94 7.58 5.52 0.84 0.80 0.68 0.61 0.40 0.33 0.30
## Proportion Var        0.25 0.19 0.14 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Var        0.25 0.44 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.63 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.67
## Proportion Explained  0.36 0.27 0.20 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Proportion 0.36 0.63 0.83 0.86 0.89 0.91 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97
##                        MR8  MR7 MR10
## SS loadings           0.25 0.25 0.22
## Proportion Var        0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Var        0.68 0.69 0.69
## Proportion Explained  0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Proportion 0.98 0.99 1.00
## 
## Mean item complexity =  2.1
## Test of the hypothesis that 13 factors are sufficient.
## 
## The degrees of freedom for the null model are  780  and the objective function was  33.07 with Chi Square of  12924.08
## The degrees of freedom for the model are 338  and the objective function was  0.92 
## 
## The root mean square of the residuals (RMSR) is  0.01 
## The df corrected root mean square of the residuals is  0.02 
## 
## The harmonic number of observations is  406 with the empirical chi square  77.28  with prob <  1 
## The total number of observations was  406  with MLE Chi Square =  351.09  with prob <  0.3 
## 
## Tucker Lewis Index of factoring reliability =  0.997
## RMSEA index =  0.016  and the 90 % confidence intervals are  NA 0.021
## BIC =  -1679.06
## Fit based upon off diagonal values = 1
## Measures of factor score adequacy             
##                                                 MR1  MR2  MR3 MR13  MR4
## Correlation of scores with factors             0.98 0.97 0.96 0.84 0.78
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.96 0.94 0.92 0.71 0.60
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.93 0.88 0.84 0.42 0.21
##                                                MR11  MR6  MR9  MR5  MR12
## Correlation of scores with factors             0.78 0.77 0.71 0.84  0.68
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.61 0.60 0.50 0.71  0.46
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.21 0.20 0.00 0.42 -0.07
##                                                  MR8   MR7 MR10
## Correlation of scores with factors              0.69  0.69 0.71
## Multiple R square of scores with factors        0.48  0.47 0.50
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  -0.05 -0.06 0.01

Step 2: Run EFA with varimax rotation

## Factor Analysis using method =  minres
## Call: fa(r = d2_all, nfactors = nfactors_d2_all, rotate = "varimax", 
##     fm = "minres", cor = chosenCorType)
## Standardized loadings (pattern matrix) based upon correlation matrix
##                  MR1   MR2   MR3   h2   u2 com
## happy           0.55  0.64  0.09 0.72 0.28 2.0
## depressed       0.39  0.75  0.00 0.71 0.29 1.5
## fear            0.83  0.23  0.09 0.75 0.25 1.2
## angry           0.60  0.49  0.08 0.61 0.39 2.0
## calm            0.57  0.41  0.25 0.55 0.45 2.2
## sounds          0.07 -0.05  0.72 0.52 0.48 1.0
## seeing          0.39 -0.03  0.63 0.56 0.44 1.7
## temperature     0.26 -0.07  0.60 0.43 0.57 1.4
## odors           0.47 -0.01  0.48 0.45 0.55 2.0
## depth           0.04  0.08  0.58 0.34 0.66 1.0
## computations   -0.73  0.18  0.47 0.79 0.21 1.8
## thoughts        0.53  0.50  0.23 0.58 0.42 2.4
## reasoning      -0.11  0.42  0.52 0.47 0.53 2.0
## remembering    -0.19  0.17  0.72 0.58 0.42 1.3
## beliefs         0.11  0.64  0.15 0.44 0.56 1.2
## hungry          0.92 -0.02 -0.10 0.86 0.14 1.0
## tired           0.86  0.16  0.08 0.77 0.23 1.1
## pain            0.90  0.07 -0.01 0.82 0.18 1.0
## nauseated       0.61  0.40  0.06 0.54 0.46 1.7
## safe            0.70  0.32  0.14 0.62 0.38 1.5
## love            0.39  0.72  0.02 0.66 0.34 1.5
## recognizing    -0.29  0.33  0.63 0.59 0.41 2.0
## communicating   0.09  0.12  0.72 0.54 0.46 1.1
## guilt           0.17  0.84 -0.04 0.73 0.27 1.1
## disrespected    0.24  0.74 -0.01 0.60 0.40 1.2
## free_will       0.71  0.18  0.14 0.56 0.44 1.2
## choices         0.21  0.17  0.67 0.53 0.47 1.3
## self_restraint  0.09  0.51  0.31 0.37 0.63 1.7
## intentions      0.56  0.25  0.34 0.50 0.50 2.1
## goal            0.16  0.13  0.67 0.49 0.51 1.2
## conscious       0.74  0.23  0.15 0.62 0.38 1.3
## self_aware      0.46  0.49  0.25 0.52 0.48 2.5
## desires         0.66  0.43  0.14 0.64 0.36 1.8
## embarrassed     0.16  0.80 -0.05 0.67 0.33 1.1
## emo_recog       0.07  0.67  0.31 0.55 0.45 1.4
## joy             0.56  0.61  0.12 0.69 0.31 2.1
## morality       -0.11  0.57  0.33 0.45 0.55 1.7
## personality     0.20  0.61  0.33 0.53 0.47 1.8
## pleasure        0.71  0.43  0.10 0.70 0.30 1.7
## pride           0.26  0.80 -0.01 0.71 0.29 1.2
## 
##                        MR1  MR2  MR3
## SS loadings           9.82 8.40 5.55
## Proportion Var        0.25 0.21 0.14
## Cumulative Var        0.25 0.46 0.59
## Proportion Explained  0.41 0.35 0.23
## Cumulative Proportion 0.41 0.77 1.00
## 
## Mean item complexity =  1.6
## Test of the hypothesis that 3 factors are sufficient.
## 
## The degrees of freedom for the null model are  780  and the objective function was  33.07 with Chi Square of  12924.08
## The degrees of freedom for the model are 663  and the objective function was  3.93 
## 
## The root mean square of the residuals (RMSR) is  0.03 
## The df corrected root mean square of the residuals is  0.03 
## 
## The harmonic number of observations is  406 with the empirical chi square  607.3  with prob <  0.94 
## The total number of observations was  406  with MLE Chi Square =  1526.24  with prob <  6.5e-70 
## 
## Tucker Lewis Index of factoring reliability =  0.916
## RMSEA index =  0.059  and the 90 % confidence intervals are  0.053 0.06
## BIC =  -2455.97
## Fit based upon off diagonal values = 0.99
## Measures of factor score adequacy             
##                                                 MR1  MR2  MR3
## Correlation of scores with factors             0.98 0.97 0.96
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.96 0.94 0.92
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.93 0.89 0.83

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Factor loadings table

Study 2: Rotated Factor Loadings
MR1 MR2 MR3
hungry 0.92 -0.02 -0.10
pain 0.90 0.07 -0.01
tired 0.86 0.16 0.08
fear 0.83 0.23 0.09
conscious 0.74 0.23 0.15
computations -0.73 0.18 0.47
free_will 0.71 0.18 0.14
pleasure 0.71 0.43 0.10
safe 0.70 0.32 0.14
desires 0.66 0.43 0.14
nauseated 0.61 0.40 0.06
angry 0.60 0.49 0.08
calm 0.57 0.41 0.25
intentions 0.56 0.25 0.34
thoughts 0.53 0.50 0.23
guilt 0.17 0.84 -0.04
pride 0.26 0.80 -0.01
embarrassed 0.16 0.80 -0.05
depressed 0.39 0.75 0.00
disrespected 0.24 0.74 -0.01
love 0.39 0.72 0.02
emo_recog 0.07 0.67 0.31
happy 0.55 0.64 0.09
beliefs 0.11 0.64 0.15
personality 0.20 0.61 0.33
joy 0.56 0.61 0.12
morality -0.11 0.57 0.33
self_restraint 0.09 0.51 0.31
self_aware 0.46 0.49 0.25
remembering -0.19 0.17 0.72
communicating 0.09 0.12 0.72
sounds 0.07 -0.05 0.72
choices 0.21 0.17 0.67
goal 0.16 0.13 0.67
recognizing -0.29 0.33 0.63
seeing 0.39 -0.03 0.63
temperature 0.26 -0.07 0.60
depth 0.04 0.08 0.58
reasoning -0.11 0.42 0.52
odors 0.47 -0.01 0.48

Study 3

Design: 2 conditions (beetle, robot), within-subjects Date conducted: 2016-01-10

Demographics

## Warning in eval(substitute(expr), envir, enclos): NAs introduced by
## coercion
Study 3: Exclusion
did_not_finish failed_catch_trial did_not_provide_yob too_young TOTAL_excluded TOTAL_participated OVERALL_TOTAL
13 7 4 0 24 400 424
Study 3: Sample size
condition n
beetle 200
robot 200
all 200
Study 3: Study duration (minutes)
condition min_duration max_duration median_duration mean_duration sd_duration
within-subjects 1.33 36.43 5.46 6.44 3.92
Study 3: Participant age (years; approximate)
condition min_age max_age median_age mean_age sd_age
within-subjects 20 68 33 36.84 11.28
Study 3: Participant gender
condition m f other
all 202 198 0
Study 3: Participant race/ethnicity
condition asian_east asian_south black hispanic multiracial white
all 30 4 38 16 22 290
Study 3: Participant religion
condition buddhism christianity islam none other other_prefno
all 10 176 6 190 6 12

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Exploratory factor analysis

Step 1: Run maximal EFA (without and with rotation)

## Factor Analysis using method =  minres
## Call: fa(r = d3_all, nfactors = 13, rotate = "none", fm = "minres", 
##     cor = chosenCorType)
## Standardized loadings (pattern matrix) based upon correlation matrix
##                  MR1   MR2   MR3   MR4   MR5   MR7   MR6   MR9   MR8  MR10
## happy           0.63  0.62 -0.13 -0.05 -0.20  0.01 -0.24 -0.07 -0.07  0.00
## depressed       0.50  0.60 -0.24  0.16 -0.10  0.00  0.12  0.08 -0.01  0.05
## fear            0.80  0.27 -0.02 -0.19 -0.04 -0.03  0.03  0.00  0.02  0.04
## angry           0.62  0.53 -0.14 -0.12 -0.09 -0.01  0.06 -0.02  0.03  0.02
## calm            0.66  0.47  0.05 -0.14 -0.05 -0.07 -0.06  0.04  0.04  0.12
## sounds          0.18  0.24  0.61  0.00 -0.22  0.25 -0.04  0.07 -0.06 -0.08
## seeing          0.35  0.15  0.54  0.00 -0.10  0.18 -0.05  0.07  0.01  0.02
## temperature     0.38  0.15  0.59  0.00 -0.19  0.13  0.14 -0.08 -0.01 -0.14
## odors           0.54  0.12  0.41  0.03 -0.07  0.29  0.04 -0.05  0.06 -0.01
## depth           0.23  0.30  0.50  0.08 -0.08  0.04  0.21  0.00 -0.01 -0.06
## computations   -0.75  0.31  0.15  0.17 -0.03 -0.22  0.03 -0.01  0.02 -0.21
## thoughts        0.58  0.57  0.10 -0.14  0.12 -0.04 -0.13  0.10  0.12 -0.03
## reasoning      -0.02  0.61  0.35  0.17  0.08 -0.20 -0.07  0.11  0.05  0.02
## remembering    -0.10  0.47  0.49  0.10 -0.07 -0.12  0.11 -0.04 -0.05  0.06
## beliefs         0.25  0.59 -0.13  0.19  0.19  0.08  0.10 -0.25 -0.10 -0.07
## hungry          0.99 -0.15  0.01  0.03  0.00 -0.01  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00
## tired           0.85  0.17 -0.04 -0.12 -0.03  0.01  0.09  0.00 -0.06  0.04
## pain            0.89  0.01  0.00 -0.15 -0.02  0.10  0.05  0.04  0.00  0.01
## nauseated       0.70  0.38 -0.12 -0.08 -0.12 -0.04  0.24  0.18 -0.06  0.01
## safe            0.72  0.29  0.04 -0.13  0.01  0.03 -0.05  0.07  0.02  0.08
## love            0.56  0.61 -0.14  0.07 -0.01 -0.03  0.08  0.15 -0.21 -0.03
## recognizing    -0.19  0.57  0.45  0.18 -0.11 -0.06 -0.08  0.14  0.09  0.09
## communicating  -0.05  0.39  0.47  0.19 -0.03 -0.08  0.00 -0.02 -0.01  0.15
## guilt           0.36  0.64 -0.24  0.22  0.01  0.10  0.05  0.01  0.06 -0.04
## disrespected    0.37  0.63 -0.23  0.21  0.04  0.14  0.18 -0.06  0.03  0.05
## free_will       0.73  0.35  0.05 -0.23  0.25  0.05 -0.08  0.05 -0.18 -0.14
## choices         0.31  0.41  0.46 -0.05  0.13 -0.12 -0.05 -0.06 -0.01  0.06
## self_restraint  0.29  0.58  0.02  0.03  0.14 -0.11  0.06 -0.07 -0.15  0.15
## intentions      0.57  0.37  0.22 -0.20  0.22 -0.10  0.08 -0.05  0.07  0.00
## goal            0.20  0.41  0.43  0.02 -0.04 -0.09  0.13 -0.13 -0.11  0.09
## conscious       0.73  0.36  0.05 -0.19  0.15  0.03 -0.02  0.01  0.09 -0.02
## self_aware      0.54  0.48  0.06 -0.15  0.18  0.04 -0.06  0.04  0.15  0.02
## desires         0.75  0.39  0.02 -0.28  0.06 -0.01  0.15 -0.10  0.08 -0.04
## embarrassed     0.35  0.60 -0.28  0.25  0.03  0.10  0.00  0.07  0.21 -0.15
## emo_recog       0.24  0.66  0.07  0.21  0.26  0.09 -0.13  0.02 -0.01  0.09
## joy             0.62  0.61 -0.15 -0.02 -0.20 -0.07 -0.02 -0.06  0.06 -0.07
## morality        0.05  0.58  0.14  0.35  0.26  0.04 -0.06 -0.19 -0.07  0.05
## personality     0.33  0.67  0.09  0.05  0.10  0.01 -0.07  0.11  0.07  0.01
## pleasure        0.77  0.40 -0.07 -0.12 -0.08 -0.06  0.09 -0.11  0.05  0.05
## pride           0.40  0.65 -0.24  0.18  0.07  0.06  0.04  0.03 -0.01  0.06
##                 MR12  MR11  MR13   h2    u2 com
## happy           0.02 -0.01  0.00 0.91 0.088 2.6
## depressed      -0.04  0.05 -0.01 0.74 0.262 2.7
## fear            0.03  0.06  0.02 0.76 0.236 1.4
## angry           0.01 -0.07  0.06 0.72 0.275 2.3
## calm           -0.05  0.12  0.04 0.72 0.282 2.2
## sounds         -0.17 -0.04  0.03 0.63 0.371 2.6
## seeing         -0.05 -0.01  0.02 0.49 0.514 2.4
## temperature     0.09  0.07  0.03 0.63 0.375 2.7
## odors           0.12  0.04 -0.04 0.59 0.410 2.9
## depth          -0.08  0.10 -0.10 0.48 0.521 3.0
## computations    0.04  0.08  0.02 0.82 0.176 2.0
## thoughts       -0.10 -0.03  0.00 0.76 0.239 2.6
## reasoning      -0.05  0.01 -0.06 0.59 0.405 2.3
## remembering    -0.02 -0.20  0.06 0.57 0.435 2.9
## beliefs        -0.08  0.01  0.00 0.59 0.408 2.7
## hungry          0.00  0.00  0.00 1.00 0.005 1.0
## tired           0.08  0.16  0.03 0.81 0.187 1.3
## pain            0.03  0.00 -0.04 0.83 0.167 1.1
## nauseated      -0.01  0.10 -0.05 0.78 0.222 2.2
## safe            0.04  0.00  0.07 0.65 0.351 1.5
## love            0.02 -0.15 -0.07 0.81 0.190 2.7
## recognizing    -0.02  0.00  0.01 0.65 0.352 2.9
## communicating   0.11 -0.04  0.04 0.45 0.548 2.8
## guilt          -0.03 -0.04  0.01 0.66 0.335 2.3
## disrespected   -0.13 -0.06  0.09 0.72 0.277 2.8
## free_will      -0.02  0.02  0.07 0.84 0.159 2.3
## choices         0.02  0.04  0.09 0.53 0.468 3.4
## self_restraint -0.11  0.05  0.02 0.53 0.474 2.2
## intentions      0.04 -0.13  0.03 0.64 0.357 3.2
## goal            0.12 -0.11  0.05 0.48 0.517 3.7
## conscious      -0.05  0.01 -0.16 0.76 0.239 1.9
## self_aware     -0.06  0.09  0.10 0.64 0.362 2.8
## desires         0.06 -0.06 -0.05 0.84 0.156 2.1
## embarrassed     0.06 -0.04  0.08 0.73 0.274 3.3
## emo_recog       0.16 -0.01 -0.15 0.69 0.310 2.4
## joy            -0.03  0.02 -0.08 0.84 0.162 2.5
## morality       -0.08  0.15 -0.11 0.63 0.366 3.0
## personality     0.12 -0.05 -0.01 0.61 0.386 1.8
## pleasure       -0.06 -0.02  0.02 0.81 0.194 1.8
## pride           0.12  0.08  0.12 0.72 0.278 2.5
## 
##                         MR1  MR2  MR3  MR4  MR5  MR7  MR6  MR9  MR8 MR10
## SS loadings           11.73 8.81 3.15 0.97 0.67 0.46 0.41 0.31 0.28 0.25
## Proportion Var         0.29 0.22 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Var         0.29 0.51 0.59 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68
## Proportion Explained   0.42 0.32 0.11 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Proportion  0.42 0.74 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98
##                       MR12 MR11 MR13
## SS loadings           0.24 0.24 0.17
## Proportion Var        0.01 0.01 0.00
## Cumulative Var        0.68 0.69 0.69
## Proportion Explained  0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Proportion 0.99 0.99 1.00
## 
## Mean item complexity =  2.4
## Test of the hypothesis that 13 factors are sufficient.
## 
## The degrees of freedom for the null model are  780  and the objective function was  34.22 with Chi Square of  13170.85
## The degrees of freedom for the model are 338  and the objective function was  0.95 
## 
## The root mean square of the residuals (RMSR) is  0.01 
## The df corrected root mean square of the residuals is  0.02 
## 
## The harmonic number of observations is  400 with the empirical chi square  79.31  with prob <  1 
## The total number of observations was  400  with MLE Chi Square =  358.44  with prob <  0.21 
## 
## Tucker Lewis Index of factoring reliability =  0.996
## RMSEA index =  0.018  and the 90 % confidence intervals are  NA 0.023
## BIC =  -1666.68
## Fit based upon off diagonal values = 1
## Measures of factor score adequacy             
##                                                 MR1  MR2  MR3  MR4  MR5
## Correlation of scores with factors             1.00 0.99 0.94 0.89 0.85
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       1.00 0.97 0.89 0.80 0.73
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.99 0.95 0.78 0.59 0.45
##                                                 MR7  MR6  MR9  MR8  MR10
## Correlation of scores with factors             0.77 0.81 0.72 0.73  0.69
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.59 0.65 0.52 0.53  0.48
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.18 0.31 0.05 0.06 -0.04
##                                                 MR12  MR11  MR13
## Correlation of scores with factors              0.65  0.68  0.61
## Multiple R square of scores with factors        0.42  0.46  0.37
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  -0.16 -0.09 -0.25
## Factor Analysis using method =  minres
## Call: fa(r = d3_all, nfactors = 13, rotate = "varimax", fm = "minres", 
##     cor = chosenCorType)
## Standardized loadings (pattern matrix) based upon correlation matrix
##                  MR1   MR2   MR3  MR12   MR4   MR8   MR9   MR6  MR10   MR5
## happy           0.60  0.58  0.17  0.09 -0.01  0.01  0.03  0.41 -0.02  0.04
## depressed       0.42  0.71  0.12  0.02 -0.02  0.03 -0.06  0.05  0.17 -0.07
## fear            0.81  0.27  0.03  0.13 -0.01 -0.02 -0.02  0.05  0.02 -0.02
## angry           0.62  0.53  0.13  0.05 -0.09 -0.05 -0.05  0.10  0.00  0.00
## calm            0.69  0.35  0.23  0.10  0.04  0.12 -0.03  0.12  0.02 -0.03
## sounds          0.11  0.00  0.38  0.65 -0.03  0.11 -0.06  0.11  0.02  0.11
## seeing          0.30 -0.03  0.31  0.53  0.00  0.08  0.04  0.01 -0.03  0.03
## temperature     0.30 -0.03  0.31  0.62  0.00 -0.14 -0.03 -0.01  0.00 -0.02
## odors           0.44  0.09  0.14  0.57  0.04 -0.08  0.15 -0.04 -0.07 -0.08
## depth           0.18  0.10  0.41  0.45  0.11  0.01 -0.06 -0.10  0.15 -0.06
## computations   -0.70  0.05  0.42 -0.14  0.01  0.04 -0.06  0.04  0.02  0.06
## thoughts        0.63  0.41  0.31  0.09  0.04  0.23  0.06  0.05 -0.07  0.12
## reasoning       0.01  0.29  0.67  0.05  0.09  0.19  0.06  0.02  0.05  0.03
## remembering    -0.07  0.13  0.69  0.19 -0.04 -0.09 -0.09 -0.01  0.01  0.04
## beliefs         0.16  0.63  0.17  0.02  0.31 -0.13 -0.05 -0.02 -0.03  0.09
## hungry          0.86  0.09 -0.21  0.24  0.04 -0.03 -0.01 -0.04  0.01 -0.04
## tired           0.81  0.26 -0.06  0.18  0.05 -0.09 -0.01  0.01  0.09 -0.02
## pain            0.84  0.14 -0.16  0.26 -0.02 -0.04  0.05 -0.02  0.05 -0.01
## nauseated       0.68  0.43  0.03  0.12 -0.09  0.00 -0.07 -0.04  0.30 -0.03
## safe            0.72  0.28  0.09  0.15 -0.04  0.03  0.05  0.03 -0.03  0.05
## love            0.50  0.63  0.21  0.03 -0.05 -0.07  0.05  0.07  0.25  0.16
## recognizing    -0.17  0.22  0.69  0.19 -0.05  0.20  0.04  0.07  0.01 -0.04
## communicating  -0.05  0.10  0.62  0.19  0.03 -0.06  0.07  0.00 -0.03 -0.06
## guilt           0.25  0.76  0.12  0.03  0.02  0.04  0.03  0.02  0.01 -0.01
## disrespected    0.26  0.77  0.12  0.05  0.07 -0.03 -0.12 -0.07  0.00 -0.02
## free_will       0.75  0.29  0.07  0.14  0.15  0.02  0.07  0.01  0.00  0.38
## choices         0.37  0.08  0.55  0.19  0.16  0.01  0.01 -0.01 -0.11  0.09
## self_restraint  0.33  0.44  0.37 -0.06  0.23 -0.02 -0.09  0.01  0.09  0.08
## intentions      0.65  0.19  0.32  0.08  0.05 -0.06  0.04 -0.14 -0.10  0.11
## goal            0.22  0.13  0.56  0.21  0.03 -0.25 -0.02  0.00  0.01  0.02
## conscious       0.75  0.30  0.10  0.15  0.13  0.10  0.12 -0.01  0.01  0.02
## self_aware      0.59  0.38  0.21  0.09  0.09  0.18  0.03 -0.05 -0.15  0.09
## desires         0.80  0.32  0.11  0.13  0.01 -0.12  0.02 -0.03 -0.02  0.00
## embarrassed     0.23  0.78  0.07  0.01 -0.08  0.10  0.08 -0.03 -0.12 -0.01
## emo_recog       0.19  0.55  0.40  0.04  0.21  0.03  0.37  0.01 -0.02  0.05
## joy             0.59  0.60  0.15  0.08 -0.02  0.03 -0.05  0.25  0.07 -0.09
## morality       -0.04  0.48  0.40  0.08  0.47  0.04  0.10 -0.01 -0.02  0.00
## personality     0.34  0.52  0.41  0.06 -0.02  0.07  0.21  0.02 -0.03  0.08
## pleasure        0.76  0.41  0.09  0.10  0.01 -0.07 -0.13  0.08  0.01 -0.08
## pride           0.33  0.74  0.16 -0.04  0.04 -0.04  0.08 -0.01  0.00  0.03
##                  MR7  MR11  MR13   h2    u2 com
## happy           0.00  0.02 -0.02 0.91 0.088 3.0
## depressed      -0.01 -0.01 -0.07 0.74 0.262 1.9
## fear            0.02  0.01 -0.05 0.76 0.236 1.3
## angry           0.01  0.08  0.04 0.72 0.275 2.3
## calm            0.00  0.08 -0.11 0.72 0.282 2.0
## sounds         -0.08  0.06  0.05 0.63 0.371 2.0
## seeing         -0.09 -0.03 -0.01 0.49 0.514 2.5
## temperature     0.15 -0.04 -0.03 0.63 0.375 2.3
## odors          -0.03 -0.04 -0.04 0.59 0.410 2.4
## depth           0.10  0.01  0.04 0.48 0.521 3.2
## computations    0.35  0.08  0.01 0.82 0.176 2.4
## thoughts        0.04  0.08  0.10 0.76 0.239 3.0
## reasoning       0.09 -0.02  0.03 0.59 0.405 1.7
## remembering    -0.02  0.03  0.11 0.57 0.435 1.4
## beliefs         0.03  0.04  0.08 0.59 0.408 2.0
## hungry         -0.08 -0.37 -0.03 1.00 0.005 1.7
## tired           0.04 -0.05 -0.16 0.81 0.187 1.5
## pain           -0.07 -0.09  0.00 0.83 0.167 1.4
## nauseated       0.06  0.02 -0.07 0.78 0.222 2.4
## safe           -0.07 -0.01 -0.07 0.65 0.351 1.5
## love           -0.05 -0.06  0.07 0.81 0.190 2.9
## recognizing     0.01  0.06 -0.04 0.65 0.352 1.8
## communicating  -0.04 -0.04 -0.08 0.45 0.548 1.4
## guilt           0.00 -0.01  0.04 0.66 0.335 1.3
## disrespected   -0.11  0.05  0.04 0.72 0.277 1.4
## free_will       0.04  0.03  0.00 0.84 0.159 2.1
## choices         0.05  0.02 -0.05 0.53 0.468 2.5
## self_restraint -0.06  0.10 -0.03 0.53 0.474 4.0
## intentions      0.04  0.05  0.14 0.64 0.357 2.2
## goal            0.00  0.02  0.02 0.48 0.517 2.3
## conscious       0.04  0.07  0.15 0.76 0.239 1.7
## self_aware      0.04  0.14 -0.03 0.64 0.362 2.8
## desires         0.10  0.13  0.15 0.84 0.156 1.7
## embarrassed     0.12 -0.08  0.01 0.73 0.274 1.4
## emo_recog      -0.04  0.00  0.00 0.69 0.310 3.4
## joy             0.13  0.01  0.07 0.84 0.162 2.8
## morality        0.00 -0.03 -0.02 0.63 0.366 3.1
## personality     0.05  0.05  0.00 0.61 0.386 3.3
## pleasure        0.01  0.01  0.06 0.81 0.194 1.8
## pride           0.01  0.02 -0.18 0.72 0.278 1.7
## 
##                         MR1  MR2  MR3 MR12  MR4  MR8  MR9  MR6 MR10  MR5
## SS loadings           10.97 7.16 4.35 2.18 0.56 0.38 0.35 0.34 0.31 0.30
## Proportion Var         0.27 0.18 0.11 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Var         0.27 0.45 0.56 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.67
## Proportion Explained   0.40 0.26 0.16 0.08 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Proportion  0.40 0.66 0.81 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97
##                        MR7 MR11 MR13
## SS loadings           0.28 0.26 0.22
## Proportion Var        0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Var        0.68 0.69 0.69
## Proportion Explained  0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Proportion 0.98 0.99 1.00
## 
## Mean item complexity =  2.2
## Test of the hypothesis that 13 factors are sufficient.
## 
## The degrees of freedom for the null model are  780  and the objective function was  34.22 with Chi Square of  13170.85
## The degrees of freedom for the model are 338  and the objective function was  0.95 
## 
## The root mean square of the residuals (RMSR) is  0.01 
## The df corrected root mean square of the residuals is  0.02 
## 
## The harmonic number of observations is  400 with the empirical chi square  79.31  with prob <  1 
## The total number of observations was  400  with MLE Chi Square =  358.44  with prob <  0.21 
## 
## Tucker Lewis Index of factoring reliability =  0.996
## RMSEA index =  0.018  and the 90 % confidence intervals are  NA 0.023
## BIC =  -1666.68
## Fit based upon off diagonal values = 1
## Measures of factor score adequacy             
##                                                 MR1  MR2  MR3 MR12  MR4
## Correlation of scores with factors             0.97 0.95 0.92 0.85 0.75
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.94 0.90 0.84 0.72 0.56
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.89 0.79 0.68 0.45 0.11
##                                                 MR8   MR9  MR6 MR10  MR5
## Correlation of scores with factors             0.72  0.70 0.82 0.72 0.74
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.51  0.49 0.66 0.51 0.54
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.03 -0.02 0.33 0.03 0.09
##                                                 MR7 MR11  MR13
## Correlation of scores with factors             0.71 0.88  0.67
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.51 0.77  0.45
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.01 0.54 -0.10

Step 2: Run EFA with varimax rotation

## Factor Analysis using method =  minres
## Call: fa(r = d3_all, nfactors = nfactors_d3_all, rotate = "varimax", 
##     fm = "minres", cor = chosenCorType)
## Standardized loadings (pattern matrix) based upon correlation matrix
##                  MR1   MR2   MR3   h2   u2 com
## happy           0.52  0.68  0.17 0.77 0.23 2.0
## depressed       0.35  0.75  0.06 0.69 0.31 1.4
## fear            0.78  0.37  0.10 0.75 0.25 1.5
## angry           0.54  0.62  0.11 0.69 0.31 2.0
## calm            0.59  0.49  0.25 0.66 0.34 2.3
## sounds          0.20 -0.03  0.64 0.45 0.55 1.2
## seeing          0.37 -0.04  0.55 0.43 0.57 1.8
## temperature     0.40 -0.06  0.58 0.50 0.50 1.8
## odors           0.54  0.04  0.41 0.47 0.53 1.9
## depth           0.20  0.11  0.58 0.38 0.62 1.3
## computations   -0.80  0.08  0.27 0.72 0.28 1.3
## thoughts        0.50  0.55  0.33 0.67 0.33 2.6
## reasoning      -0.13  0.41  0.59 0.54 0.46 1.9
## remembering    -0.15  0.19  0.65 0.49 0.51 1.3
## beliefs         0.10  0.64  0.15 0.44 0.56 1.2
## hungry          0.93  0.10 -0.05 0.87 0.13 1.0
## tired           0.82  0.31  0.04 0.78 0.22 1.3
## pain            0.90  0.16  0.01 0.84 0.16 1.1
## nauseated       0.64  0.50  0.06 0.66 0.34 1.9
## safe            0.69  0.35  0.16 0.63 0.37 1.6
## love            0.42  0.70  0.15 0.70 0.30 1.8
## recognizing    -0.27  0.29  0.66 0.59 0.41 1.7
## communicating  -0.11  0.16  0.60 0.40 0.60 1.2
## guilt           0.19  0.76  0.07 0.63 0.37 1.1
## disrespected    0.21  0.75  0.07 0.61 0.39 1.2
## free_will       0.69  0.40  0.18 0.66 0.34 1.8
## choices         0.27  0.21  0.59 0.47 0.53 1.7
## self_restraint  0.19  0.56  0.27 0.43 0.57 1.7
## intentions      0.54  0.33  0.34 0.52 0.48 2.4
## goal            0.16  0.21  0.56 0.39 0.61 1.5
## conscious       0.69  0.41  0.20 0.68 0.32 1.8
## self_aware      0.49  0.48  0.26 0.54 0.46 2.5
## desires         0.73  0.44  0.18 0.75 0.25 1.8
## embarrassed     0.18  0.75  0.02 0.60 0.40 1.1
## emo_recog       0.09  0.62  0.35 0.51 0.49 1.6
## joy             0.50  0.70  0.14 0.76 0.24 1.9
## morality       -0.10  0.51  0.37 0.41 0.59 1.9
## personality     0.21  0.62  0.37 0.57 0.43 1.9
## pleasure        0.70  0.51  0.11 0.76 0.24 1.9
## pride           0.24  0.77  0.08 0.66 0.34 1.2
## 
##                        MR1  MR2  MR3
## SS loadings           9.87 9.20 4.98
## Proportion Var        0.25 0.23 0.12
## Cumulative Var        0.25 0.48 0.60
## Proportion Explained  0.41 0.38 0.21
## Cumulative Proportion 0.41 0.79 1.00
## 
## Mean item complexity =  1.7
## Test of the hypothesis that 3 factors are sufficient.
## 
## The degrees of freedom for the null model are  780  and the objective function was  34.22 with Chi Square of  13170.85
## The degrees of freedom for the model are 663  and the objective function was  3.58 
## 
## The root mean square of the residuals (RMSR) is  0.03 
## The df corrected root mean square of the residuals is  0.03 
## 
## The harmonic number of observations is  400 with the empirical chi square  526.02  with prob <  1 
## The total number of observations was  400  with MLE Chi Square =  1371.31  with prob <  1.4e-51 
## 
## Tucker Lewis Index of factoring reliability =  0.932
## RMSEA index =  0.054  and the 90 % confidence intervals are  0.048 0.056
## BIC =  -2601.03
## Fit based upon off diagonal values = 1
## Measures of factor score adequacy             
##                                                 MR1  MR2  MR3
## Correlation of scores with factors             0.98 0.96 0.94
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.96 0.93 0.88
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.92 0.86 0.77

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Factor loadings table

Study 3: Rotated Factor Loadings
MR1 MR2 MR3
hungry 0.93 0.10 -0.05
pain 0.90 0.16 0.01
tired 0.82 0.31 0.04
computations -0.80 0.08 0.27
fear 0.78 0.37 0.10
desires 0.73 0.44 0.18
pleasure 0.70 0.51 0.11
safe 0.69 0.35 0.16
conscious 0.69 0.41 0.20
free_will 0.69 0.40 0.18
nauseated 0.64 0.50 0.06
calm 0.59 0.49 0.25
odors 0.54 0.04 0.41
intentions 0.54 0.33 0.34
self_aware 0.49 0.48 0.26
pride 0.24 0.77 0.08
guilt 0.19 0.76 0.07
disrespected 0.21 0.75 0.07
embarrassed 0.18 0.75 0.02
depressed 0.35 0.75 0.06
love 0.42 0.70 0.15
joy 0.50 0.70 0.14
happy 0.52 0.68 0.17
beliefs 0.10 0.64 0.15
angry 0.54 0.62 0.11
emo_recog 0.09 0.62 0.35
personality 0.21 0.62 0.37
self_restraint 0.19 0.56 0.27
thoughts 0.50 0.55 0.33
morality -0.10 0.51 0.37
recognizing -0.27 0.29 0.66
remembering -0.15 0.19 0.65
sounds 0.20 -0.03 0.64
communicating -0.11 0.16 0.60
choices 0.27 0.21 0.59
reasoning -0.13 0.41 0.59
temperature 0.40 -0.06 0.58
depth 0.20 0.11 0.58
goal 0.16 0.21 0.56
seeing 0.37 -0.04 0.55

Study 4

Design: 21 conditions, between-subjects Date conducted: 2016-01-14

Demographics

Study 4: Exclusion
did_not_finish failed_catch_trial did_not_provide_yob too_young TOTAL_excluded TOTAL_participated OVERALL_TOTAL
15 24 1 0 40 431 471
Study 4: Sample size
condition n
adult 21
bear 20
beetle 19
bluejay 20
car 23
child 20
chimpanzee 21
computer 22
dog 24
dolphin 22
elephant 21
fetus 20
fish 20
frog 21
goat 20
infant 19
microbe 20
mouse 18
pvs 21
robot 22
stapler 17
all 431
Study 4: Study duration (minutes)
condition min_duration max_duration median_duration mean_duration sd_duration
adult 1.20 41.08 2.57 6.99 11.38
bear 1.65 8.07 3.53 3.84 1.78
beetle 1.40 4.70 2.78 2.82 0.92
bluejay 1.68 12.95 3.50 4.21 2.78
car 0.62 28.50 2.22 3.47 5.57
child 1.57 7.02 3.15 3.56 1.45
chimpanzee 2.08 5.88 3.48 3.61 1.31
computer 1.30 21.77 2.75 4.33 4.39
dog 1.80 7.97 2.79 3.11 1.59
dolphin 0.70 11.18 2.96 3.93 2.42
elephant 1.27 5.08 2.47 2.87 1.04
fetus 1.42 12.33 2.72 3.40 2.35
fish 1.35 7.97 3.37 3.40 1.65
frog 1.80 32.23 3.52 6.31 6.80
goat 1.63 9.17 3.38 4.20 2.57
infant 1.78 45.18 4.05 6.06 9.65
microbe 1.02 42.28 2.73 4.69 8.92
mouse 1.50 7.92 3.40 3.78 1.76
pvs 1.13 7.58 2.22 2.72 1.54
robot 1.72 22.15 3.38 4.43 4.24
stapler 1.17 13.17 1.67 2.92 2.86
all 0.62 45.18 2.88 4.03 4.76
## Joining, by = c("condition", "min_age", "max_age", "median_age", "mean_age", "sd_age")
## Warning in full_join_impl(x, y, by$x, by$y, suffix$x, suffix$y): joining
## character vector and factor, coercing into character vector
Study 4: Participant age (years; approximate)
condition min_age max_age median_age mean_age sd_age
adult 22 55 30.0 30.86 7.83
bear 20 64 35.5 35.75 11.74
beetle 21 45 30.0 30.37 5.22
bluejay 24 60 35.0 38.20 11.00
car 21 55 34.0 33.96 9.47
child 22 68 33.5 36.25 12.13
chimpanzee 22 57 35.0 36.48 10.88
computer 23 59 34.0 35.14 11.15
dog 19 61 30.5 33.42 11.10
dolphin 24 65 33.5 37.82 11.74
elephant 22 66 34.0 40.24 13.51
fetus 21 70 31.0 34.30 10.85
fish 21 66 33.5 36.65 12.77
frog 24 60 34.0 36.86 9.66
goat 18 64 30.0 34.90 12.93
infant 22 54 32.0 34.42 9.11
microbe 20 58 32.5 37.75 12.37
mouse 21 59 40.5 39.89 11.93
pvs 24 65 34.0 35.24 9.59
robot 23 59 40.5 41.91 11.27
stapler 22 70 34.0 36.41 12.08
all 18 70 34.0 36.03 11.11
Study 4: Participant gender
condition m f other
adult 16 5 0
bear 9 11 0
beetle 11 8 0
bluejay 5 15 0
car 12 11 0
child 10 9 1
chimpanzee 13 8 0
computer 11 11 0
dog 14 10 0
dolphin 12 10 0
elephant 7 14 0
fetus 13 7 0
fish 9 11 0
frog 12 9 0
goat 9 11 0
infant 12 6 1
microbe 11 9 0
mouse 8 9 1
pvs 11 10 0
robot 8 14 0
stapler 10 7 0
all 223 205 3
Study 4: Participant race/ethnicity
condition asian_east asian_other asian_south black hispanic middle_eastern multiracial native_american other_prefno white
adult 1 1 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 14
bear 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 16
beetle 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 16
bluejay 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 15
car 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 17
child 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 17
chimpanzee 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 18
computer 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 18
dog 2 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 19
dolphin 2 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 16
elephant 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 17
fetus 1 0 0 0 4 0 2 0 0 13
fish 2 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 14
frog 2 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 15
goat 1 0 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 14
infant 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 14
microbe 2 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 1 13
mouse 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
pvs 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 17
robot 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 18
stapler 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 13
all 26 4 4 26 20 1 16 1 3 330
Study 4: Participant education
condition some_HS HS_diploma some_college associates bachelors some_grad grad pref_no
adult 0 1 5 0 7 3 5 0
bear 1 1 7 7 3 1 0 0
beetle 0 3 3 4 6 1 2 0
bluejay 0 2 3 2 9 2 2 0
car 1 0 7 4 7 1 3 0
child 0 1 6 1 7 1 3 1
chimpanzee 0 1 12 0 5 0 2 1
computer 0 2 6 2 9 1 2 0
dog 0 3 5 1 10 1 4 0
dolphin 0 4 4 3 6 3 2 0
elephant 0 2 5 3 7 0 4 0
fetus 0 2 9 4 4 1 0 0
fish 0 3 5 1 6 3 2 0
frog 0 2 7 1 7 1 3 0
goat 1 3 5 5 5 0 1 0
infant 0 2 2 2 8 0 3 2
microbe 0 4 3 2 9 1 1 0
mouse 0 1 5 2 7 0 3 0
pvs 0 1 4 3 9 2 1 1
robot 0 3 3 2 10 1 3 0
stapler 0 0 5 2 5 0 5 0
all 3 41 111 51 146 23 51 5

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Exploratory factor analysis

Step 1: Run maximal EFA (without and with rotation)

## Factor Analysis using method =  minres
## Call: fa(r = d4_all, nfactors = 13, rotate = "none", fm = "minres", 
##     cor = chosenCorType)
## Standardized loadings (pattern matrix) based upon correlation matrix
##                 MR1   MR2   MR3   MR5   MR4   MR6   MR7  MR10   MR8   MR9
## happy          0.90 -0.04 -0.19 -0.06 -0.21 -0.05  0.01 -0.01 -0.01  0.10
## depressed      0.81  0.20 -0.08 -0.06 -0.07  0.23 -0.15  0.03  0.00 -0.12
## fear           0.86 -0.34 -0.11  0.05  0.12  0.00 -0.04  0.01 -0.06  0.03
## angry          0.87 -0.04 -0.09 -0.06 -0.09  0.09 -0.05  0.10  0.08 -0.05
## calm           0.87 -0.18 -0.10  0.06 -0.02 -0.06 -0.04 -0.01 -0.08  0.08
## sounds         0.69 -0.33  0.40 -0.22  0.12 -0.06  0.10  0.00  0.03  0.06
## seeing         0.76 -0.33  0.28 -0.13  0.11  0.01  0.02  0.04  0.08  0.04
## temperature    0.63 -0.32  0.39 -0.14  0.16  0.00  0.03 -0.01  0.00  0.04
## odors          0.79 -0.25  0.19 -0.07  0.14  0.11  0.05 -0.04  0.12 -0.09
## depth          0.67 -0.05  0.43  0.09  0.10  0.00 -0.05  0.11  0.12  0.03
## computations   0.18  0.53  0.51 -0.13 -0.03  0.02  0.07  0.04  0.03  0.12
## thoughts       0.85  0.01 -0.02  0.11 -0.06 -0.09  0.15 -0.12  0.04 -0.21
## reasoning      0.70  0.32  0.33  0.18 -0.05  0.01  0.09 -0.09  0.06 -0.05
## remembering    0.72  0.02  0.47 -0.06 -0.10  0.06 -0.05  0.02  0.09 -0.03
## beliefs        0.66  0.55 -0.01  0.16  0.05 -0.05  0.18 -0.02 -0.03 -0.02
## hungry         0.80 -0.41 -0.15  0.06  0.21  0.00  0.04  0.01 -0.01  0.03
## tired          0.87 -0.34 -0.13 -0.04  0.06  0.05 -0.01  0.00 -0.04 -0.01
## pain           0.83 -0.39 -0.17 -0.03  0.19  0.07  0.08 -0.01 -0.04 -0.03
## nauseated      0.83 -0.09 -0.14 -0.04 -0.04  0.11 -0.10 -0.02  0.09 -0.01
## safe           0.86 -0.19 -0.07  0.07  0.00 -0.16 -0.10 -0.02 -0.09  0.11
## love           0.86  0.08 -0.18 -0.04 -0.20 -0.01  0.09  0.07 -0.03  0.00
## recognizing    0.78 -0.05  0.29 -0.28 -0.18  0.03  0.06 -0.01  0.01  0.02
## communicating  0.72 -0.11  0.47 -0.13 -0.12 -0.11 -0.06  0.00 -0.23 -0.10
## guilt          0.74  0.51 -0.08 -0.05  0.05  0.08  0.01 -0.04  0.02  0.01
## disrespected   0.73  0.45 -0.02  0.02  0.09  0.12 -0.01  0.06 -0.13  0.03
## free_will      0.81 -0.08  0.04  0.31  0.03 -0.06  0.02  0.14  0.06  0.01
## choices        0.76 -0.06  0.39  0.15  0.02 -0.03 -0.08 -0.01  0.09  0.11
## self_restraint 0.73  0.35  0.20  0.17  0.01  0.26 -0.08 -0.13 -0.11  0.09
## intentions     0.80  0.04  0.13  0.22  0.09 -0.13 -0.13  0.03  0.09  0.00
## goal           0.64  0.07  0.38  0.20  0.06 -0.10 -0.13 -0.16 -0.02 -0.11
## conscious      0.82 -0.14  0.00  0.13  0.02 -0.08  0.07 -0.09 -0.04 -0.04
## self_aware     0.75  0.19  0.11  0.26  0.02 -0.01  0.15  0.12  0.03  0.07
## desires        0.88 -0.08 -0.05  0.13 -0.05 -0.05 -0.13 -0.03  0.03 -0.10
## embarrassed    0.72  0.59 -0.14 -0.15  0.20 -0.09 -0.04 -0.01  0.02 -0.01
## emo_recog      0.76  0.35  0.08 -0.01 -0.06  0.09  0.04  0.12 -0.07  0.00
## joy            0.90 -0.01 -0.16 -0.04 -0.25 -0.02  0.02 -0.10  0.07  0.07
## morality       0.68  0.50  0.11  0.11  0.01  0.10  0.16 -0.04 -0.07  0.07
## personality    0.89  0.02 -0.04 -0.04 -0.20 -0.02  0.04  0.11 -0.02 -0.12
## pleasure       0.91 -0.19 -0.10  0.00 -0.05  0.01 -0.04  0.00  0.09  0.00
## pride          0.81  0.33 -0.06  0.11 -0.06 -0.01  0.00  0.17 -0.05  0.00
##                 MR11  MR13  MR12   h2    u2 com
## happy           0.00  0.04 -0.07 0.91 0.085 1.3
## depressed      -0.03  0.05  0.14 0.83 0.167 1.6
## fear           -0.01  0.00  0.05 0.88 0.118 1.4
## angry          -0.02 -0.11 -0.06 0.82 0.178 1.2
## calm            0.05  0.09  0.02 0.82 0.178 1.2
## sounds          0.06  0.01  0.09 0.84 0.159 2.6
## seeing          0.06 -0.08 -0.05 0.82 0.178 1.9
## temperature     0.08  0.05  0.06 0.71 0.290 2.6
## odors           0.06 -0.06  0.06 0.79 0.209 1.6
## depth           0.08  0.17 -0.02 0.72 0.277 2.2
## computations    0.06  0.13 -0.04 0.64 0.363 2.7
## thoughts       -0.08  0.04  0.06 0.84 0.158 1.4
## reasoning      -0.01 -0.02 -0.11 0.76 0.235 2.3
## remembering    -0.09  0.06  0.03 0.78 0.219 1.9
## beliefs         0.11  0.06  0.00 0.81 0.186 2.4
## hungry         -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 0.88 0.120 1.8
## tired          -0.01  0.01 -0.10 0.92 0.084 1.4
## pain           -0.04  0.01  0.00 0.93 0.067 1.7
## nauseated       0.06  0.07 -0.01 0.76 0.239 1.2
## safe            0.00  0.04  0.13 0.86 0.139 1.3
## love            0.02 -0.01 -0.02 0.83 0.172 1.3
## recognizing    -0.02  0.02 -0.03 0.81 0.190 1.7
## communicating  -0.03 -0.06 -0.04 0.87 0.125 2.3
## guilt          -0.01 -0.01  0.03 0.83 0.167 1.9
## disrespected    0.08 -0.11  0.02 0.80 0.205 2.0
## free_will      -0.05 -0.04  0.07 0.81 0.195 1.4
## choices        -0.15 -0.10  0.02 0.82 0.181 1.9
## self_restraint -0.04  0.06 -0.04 0.84 0.156 2.3
## intentions      0.03 -0.01 -0.01 0.76 0.242 1.4
## goal           -0.04 -0.01 -0.08 0.68 0.320 2.4
## conscious       0.05  0.01  0.00 0.73 0.270 1.2
## self_aware     -0.13  0.04 -0.08 0.75 0.248 1.7
## desires         0.19 -0.03 -0.03 0.87 0.132 1.3
## embarrassed    -0.03  0.00 -0.01 0.96 0.043 2.4
## emo_recog      -0.01 -0.03  0.02 0.74 0.262 1.6
## joy            -0.01 -0.06  0.05 0.93 0.069 1.3
## morality        0.10 -0.09  0.04 0.80 0.199 2.3
## personality    -0.02  0.06  0.03 0.87 0.126 1.2
## pleasure        0.01  0.03 -0.05 0.89 0.113 1.2
## pride           0.04 -0.03  0.00 0.81 0.192 1.5
## 
##                         MR1  MR2  MR3  MR5  MR4  MR6  MR7 MR10  MR8  MR9
## SS loadings           24.34 3.28 2.17 0.72 0.52 0.32 0.28 0.22 0.22 0.22
## Proportion Var         0.61 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Var         0.61 0.69 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.81
## Proportion Explained   0.74 0.10 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Proportion  0.74 0.84 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.99
##                       MR11 MR13 MR12
## SS loadings           0.17 0.15 0.13
## Proportion Var        0.00 0.00 0.00
## Cumulative Var        0.81 0.82 0.82
## Proportion Explained  0.01 0.00 0.00
## Cumulative Proportion 0.99 1.00 1.00
## 
## Mean item complexity =  1.7
## Test of the hypothesis that 13 factors are sufficient.
## 
## The degrees of freedom for the null model are  780  and the objective function was  52.07 with Chi Square of  21651.8
## The degrees of freedom for the model are 338  and the objective function was  1.2 
## 
## The root mean square of the residuals (RMSR) is  0.01 
## The df corrected root mean square of the residuals is  0.01 
## 
## The harmonic number of observations is  431 with the empirical chi square  39.58  with prob <  1 
## The total number of observations was  431  with MLE Chi Square =  486.84  with prob <  1.9e-07 
## 
## Tucker Lewis Index of factoring reliability =  0.983
## RMSEA index =  0.035  and the 90 % confidence intervals are  0.025 0.038
## BIC =  -1563.5
## Fit based upon off diagonal values = 1
## Measures of factor score adequacy             
##                                                 MR1  MR2  MR3  MR5  MR4
## Correlation of scores with factors             1.00 0.98 0.96 0.90 0.91
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.99 0.96 0.92 0.80 0.83
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.99 0.93 0.84 0.61 0.66
##                                                 MR6  MR7 MR10  MR8  MR9
## Correlation of scores with factors             0.82 0.79 0.74 0.76 0.76
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.67 0.62 0.54 0.58 0.58
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.35 0.23 0.09 0.16 0.15
##                                                 MR11  MR13  MR12
## Correlation of scores with factors              0.70  0.66  0.68
## Multiple R square of scores with factors        0.49  0.44  0.46
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  -0.01 -0.12 -0.08
## Factor Analysis using method =  minres
## Call: fa(r = d4_all, nfactors = 13, rotate = "varimax", fm = "minres", 
##     cor = chosenCorType)
## Standardized loadings (pattern matrix) based upon correlation matrix
##                  MR1  MR2  MR3  MR10   MR5   MR4   MR7   MR8   MR9   MR6
## happy           0.75 0.44 0.21  0.02  0.03  0.30  0.01  0.10  0.00  0.02
## depressed       0.52 0.60 0.22  0.03 -0.02  0.06  0.39  0.03  0.02  0.06
## fear            0.84 0.20 0.34  0.07  0.08 -0.08  0.03  0.02 -0.01  0.03
## angry           0.67 0.43 0.29  0.04  0.08  0.15  0.16  0.06 -0.05 -0.06
## calm            0.77 0.33 0.29  0.09  0.07  0.05  0.00  0.06 -0.01  0.04
## sounds          0.46 0.10 0.78 -0.07 -0.02  0.00 -0.05 -0.02  0.04 -0.05
## seeing          0.57 0.14 0.67  0.02  0.03  0.01 -0.03 -0.03 -0.06 -0.05
## temperature     0.42 0.09 0.72  0.01 -0.02 -0.08 -0.02 -0.02  0.01  0.01
## odors           0.59 0.23 0.57  0.05 -0.01 -0.06  0.09 -0.11  0.07 -0.03
## depth           0.31 0.30 0.65  0.15  0.19 -0.04  0.06 -0.08 -0.03  0.01
## computations   -0.39 0.52 0.42 -0.04  0.00  0.12 -0.03 -0.01 -0.03  0.04
## thoughts        0.61 0.46 0.29  0.19  0.09  0.08  0.04  0.04  0.35 -0.04
## reasoning       0.18 0.63 0.43  0.28  0.15  0.11 -0.04  0.00  0.12  0.07
## remembering     0.26 0.37 0.69  0.11  0.12  0.15  0.18  0.04  0.05  0.07
## beliefs         0.21 0.83 0.10  0.11  0.07 -0.01 -0.10 -0.02  0.14 -0.05
## hungry          0.86 0.12 0.30  0.04  0.10 -0.13 -0.06 -0.04  0.01  0.03
## tired           0.86 0.20 0.33  0.05  0.01  0.00  0.01  0.05 -0.02  0.06
## pain            0.88 0.16 0.31 -0.03  0.03 -0.14 -0.01 -0.01  0.07  0.06
## nauseated       0.71 0.37 0.25  0.07 -0.03  0.11  0.17 -0.06 -0.02  0.03
## safe            0.75 0.30 0.32  0.14  0.10  0.05  0.01  0.07 -0.02  0.00
## love            0.65 0.53 0.17 -0.03  0.06  0.23  0.05  0.13  0.07 -0.04
## recognizing     0.43 0.36 0.62 -0.06 -0.05  0.28  0.07  0.12  0.06  0.03
## communicating   0.34 0.27 0.71  0.17 -0.02  0.10  0.03  0.37  0.03  0.00
## guilt           0.32 0.83 0.13  0.03 -0.03  0.06  0.09 -0.05  0.02  0.01
## disrespected    0.31 0.80 0.17  0.03  0.00 -0.06  0.05  0.06 -0.10  0.01
## free_will       0.60 0.39 0.31  0.19  0.38 -0.03  0.04  0.00  0.04 -0.05
## choices         0.38 0.34 0.62  0.26  0.28  0.08  0.03 -0.02 -0.05  0.07
## self_restraint  0.26 0.70 0.33  0.20  0.06  0.01  0.10 -0.01 -0.04  0.34
## intentions      0.50 0.45 0.38  0.33  0.20 -0.01  0.03 -0.04 -0.05 -0.08
## goal            0.25 0.37 0.50  0.45  0.09 -0.02  0.01  0.06  0.06  0.07
## conscious       0.66 0.34 0.33  0.18  0.07  0.01 -0.07  0.03  0.12  0.01
## self_aware      0.40 0.57 0.29  0.12  0.38  0.03 -0.06  0.02  0.07  0.08
## desires         0.70 0.40 0.29  0.29  0.01  0.07  0.09  0.02 -0.03 -0.10
## embarrassed     0.29 0.86 0.09  0.04 -0.09 -0.01  0.02 -0.03 -0.01 -0.12
## emo_recog       0.33 0.71 0.29 -0.01  0.10  0.08  0.11  0.12  0.00  0.01
## joy             0.72 0.47 0.23  0.06  0.02  0.34  0.07  0.01  0.06  0.00
## morality        0.19 0.82 0.23  0.05  0.06  0.04 -0.05 -0.01  0.03  0.05
## personality     0.64 0.48 0.32  0.02  0.10  0.18  0.16  0.18  0.13 -0.06
## pleasure        0.80 0.32 0.33  0.10  0.06  0.13  0.07 -0.02  0.01  0.00
## pride           0.44 0.72 0.17  0.07  0.17  0.07  0.07  0.11 -0.04 -0.08
##                 MR11  MR12  MR13   h2    u2 com
## happy          -0.03  0.02  0.06 0.91 0.085 2.3
## depressed      -0.01  0.01  0.00 0.83 0.167 3.1
## fear           -0.01  0.06 -0.04 0.88 0.118 1.5
## angry          -0.01 -0.15 -0.05 0.82 0.178 2.7
## calm            0.02  0.13  0.07 0.82 0.178 1.9
## sounds          0.00  0.06 -0.04 0.84 0.159 1.7
## seeing          0.01 -0.10 -0.04 0.82 0.178 2.2
## temperature     0.02  0.05  0.02 0.71 0.290 1.7
## odors           0.06 -0.11 -0.09 0.79 0.209 2.7
## depth           0.02  0.01  0.21 0.72 0.277 2.6
## computations   -0.04  0.02  0.16 0.64 0.363 3.3
## thoughts        0.00 -0.01 -0.02 0.84 0.158 3.5
## reasoning       0.06 -0.10  0.03 0.76 0.235 2.9
## remembering    -0.02 -0.02  0.03 0.78 0.219 2.4
## beliefs         0.05  0.04  0.10 0.81 0.186 1.4
## hungry         -0.04 -0.02 -0.06 0.88 0.120 1.4
## tired          -0.03 -0.09  0.01 0.92 0.084 1.5
## pain           -0.04 -0.06 -0.06 0.93 0.067 1.4
## nauseated      -0.01 -0.04  0.07 0.76 0.239 2.1
## safe           -0.03  0.25 -0.01 0.86 0.139 2.2
## love            0.04 -0.01  0.04 0.83 0.172 2.6
## recognizing    -0.03 -0.05  0.01 0.81 0.190 3.2
## communicating   0.01  0.03 -0.03 0.87 0.125 2.6
## guilt          -0.10 -0.01 -0.03 0.83 0.167 1.4
## disrespected    0.04  0.00 -0.06 0.80 0.205 1.5
## free_will       0.08  0.05 -0.01 0.81 0.195 3.5
## choices        -0.03  0.04 -0.13 0.82 0.181 3.6
## self_restraint  0.06  0.01  0.01 0.84 0.156 2.6
## intentions     -0.02  0.05  0.04 0.76 0.242 4.2
## goal           -0.02  0.01 -0.01 0.68 0.320 3.6
## conscious       0.07  0.04  0.01 0.73 0.270 2.5
## self_aware     -0.01 -0.04  0.06 0.75 0.248 3.5
## desires         0.13 -0.01  0.08 0.87 0.132 2.7
## embarrassed    -0.30  0.02 -0.01 0.96 0.043 1.6
## emo_recog       0.02 -0.02  0.00 0.74 0.262 2.0
## joy             0.04  0.05 -0.07 0.93 0.069 2.6
## morality        0.14  0.02 -0.06 0.80 0.199 1.4
## personality     0.02 -0.01  0.09 0.87 0.126 3.2
## pleasure       -0.02 -0.05  0.05 0.89 0.113 1.9
## pride           0.04  0.01  0.05 0.81 0.192 2.1
## 
##                         MR1  MR2  MR3 MR10  MR5  MR4  MR7  MR8  MR9  MR6
## SS loadings           12.59 9.62 6.77 0.85 0.62 0.59 0.38 0.29 0.26 0.23
## Proportion Var         0.31 0.24 0.17 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Var         0.31 0.56 0.72 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.81
## Proportion Explained   0.38 0.29 0.21 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Proportion  0.38 0.68 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.98
##                       MR11 MR12 MR13
## SS loadings           0.18 0.18 0.18
## Proportion Var        0.00 0.00 0.00
## Cumulative Var        0.81 0.81 0.82
## Proportion Explained  0.01 0.01 0.01
## Cumulative Proportion 0.99 0.99 1.00
## 
## Mean item complexity =  2.4
## Test of the hypothesis that 13 factors are sufficient.
## 
## The degrees of freedom for the null model are  780  and the objective function was  52.07 with Chi Square of  21651.8
## The degrees of freedom for the model are 338  and the objective function was  1.2 
## 
## The root mean square of the residuals (RMSR) is  0.01 
## The df corrected root mean square of the residuals is  0.01 
## 
## The harmonic number of observations is  431 with the empirical chi square  39.58  with prob <  1 
## The total number of observations was  431  with MLE Chi Square =  486.84  with prob <  1.9e-07 
## 
## Tucker Lewis Index of factoring reliability =  0.983
## RMSEA index =  0.035  and the 90 % confidence intervals are  0.025 0.038
## BIC =  -1563.5
## Fit based upon off diagonal values = 1
## Measures of factor score adequacy             
##                                                 MR1  MR2  MR3 MR10  MR5
## Correlation of scores with factors             0.98 0.98 0.96 0.82 0.80
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.97 0.96 0.92 0.67 0.64
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.94 0.92 0.85 0.33 0.29
##                                                 MR4  MR7  MR8  MR9  MR6
## Correlation of scores with factors             0.87 0.77 0.78 0.75 0.77
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.76 0.60 0.60 0.57 0.59
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.53 0.20 0.20 0.14 0.17
##                                                MR11 MR12  MR13
## Correlation of scores with factors             0.79 0.73  0.68
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.62 0.53  0.47
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.24 0.06 -0.07

Step 2: Run EFA with varimax rotation

## Factor Analysis using method =  minres
## Call: fa(r = d4_all, nfactors = nfactors_d4_all, rotate = "varimax", 
##     scores = "tenBerge", fm = "minres", cor = chosenCorType)
## Standardized loadings (pattern matrix) based upon correlation matrix
##                  MR1  MR2  MR3   h2   u2 com
## happy           0.74 0.50 0.23 0.84 0.16 2.0
## depressed       0.51 0.63 0.23 0.71 0.29 2.2
## fear            0.83 0.20 0.37 0.86 0.14 1.5
## angry           0.67 0.47 0.31 0.76 0.24 2.2
## calm            0.75 0.35 0.32 0.79 0.21 1.8
## sounds          0.45 0.08 0.75 0.77 0.23 1.7
## seeing          0.56 0.13 0.67 0.79 0.21 2.0
## temperature     0.41 0.06 0.72 0.68 0.32 1.6
## odors           0.58 0.22 0.58 0.73 0.27 2.3
## depth           0.28 0.32 0.68 0.65 0.35 1.8
## computations   -0.41 0.51 0.40 0.58 0.42 2.8
## thoughts        0.60 0.50 0.33 0.72 0.28 2.6
## reasoning       0.16 0.66 0.48 0.70 0.30 2.0
## remembering     0.25 0.41 0.71 0.73 0.27 1.9
## beliefs         0.19 0.82 0.14 0.73 0.27 1.2
## hungry          0.84 0.11 0.34 0.83 0.17 1.4
## tired           0.85 0.21 0.35 0.90 0.10 1.5
## pain            0.86 0.14 0.33 0.88 0.12 1.3
## nauseated       0.70 0.40 0.26 0.72 0.28 1.9
## safe            0.73 0.33 0.36 0.78 0.22 1.9
## love            0.65 0.58 0.18 0.78 0.22 2.1
## recognizing     0.43 0.39 0.59 0.68 0.32 2.6
## communicating   0.34 0.31 0.71 0.71 0.29 1.9
## guilt           0.31 0.82 0.13 0.79 0.21 1.3
## disrespected    0.29 0.78 0.18 0.73 0.27 1.4
## free_will       0.59 0.42 0.39 0.67 0.33 2.6
## choices         0.37 0.37 0.67 0.72 0.28 2.2
## self_restraint  0.24 0.70 0.38 0.69 0.31 1.8
## intentions      0.48 0.48 0.44 0.65 0.35 3.0
## goal            0.23 0.41 0.57 0.55 0.45 2.2
## conscious       0.65 0.36 0.38 0.69 0.31 2.2
## self_aware      0.38 0.59 0.35 0.62 0.38 2.4
## desires         0.68 0.44 0.34 0.78 0.22 2.3
## embarrassed     0.28 0.82 0.09 0.76 0.24 1.3
## emo_recog       0.32 0.72 0.30 0.71 0.29 1.7
## joy             0.71 0.53 0.25 0.84 0.16 2.1
## morality        0.17 0.80 0.25 0.74 0.26 1.3
## personality     0.63 0.54 0.33 0.80 0.20 2.5
## pleasure        0.79 0.36 0.35 0.87 0.13 1.8
## pride           0.43 0.74 0.20 0.77 0.23 1.8
## 
##                         MR1   MR2  MR3
## SS loadings           12.11 10.18 7.40
## Proportion Var         0.30  0.25 0.18
## Cumulative Var         0.30  0.56 0.74
## Proportion Explained   0.41  0.34 0.25
## Cumulative Proportion  0.41  0.75 1.00
## 
## Mean item complexity =  2
## Test of the hypothesis that 3 factors are sufficient.
## 
## The degrees of freedom for the null model are  780  and the objective function was  52.07 with Chi Square of  21651.8
## The degrees of freedom for the model are 663  and the objective function was  5.43 
## 
## The root mean square of the residuals (RMSR) is  0.02 
## The df corrected root mean square of the residuals is  0.03 
## 
## The harmonic number of observations is  431 with the empirical chi square  412.62  with prob <  1 
## The total number of observations was  431  with MLE Chi Square =  2246.7  with prob <  5.9e-171 
## 
## Tucker Lewis Index of factoring reliability =  0.91
## RMSEA index =  0.077  and the 90 % confidence intervals are  0.071 0.078
## BIC =  -1775.13
## Fit based upon off diagonal values = 1
## Measures of factor score adequacy             
##                                                 MR1  MR2  MR3
## Correlation of scores with factors             0.98 0.97 0.95
## Multiple R square of scores with factors       0.95 0.95 0.91
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores  0.91 0.90 0.81

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Factor loadings table

Study 4: Rotated Factor Loadings
MR1 MR2 MR3
pain 0.86 0.14 0.33
tired 0.85 0.21 0.35
hungry 0.84 0.11 0.34
fear 0.83 0.20 0.37
pleasure 0.79 0.36 0.35
calm 0.75 0.35 0.32
happy 0.74 0.50 0.23
safe 0.73 0.33 0.36
joy 0.71 0.53 0.25
nauseated 0.70 0.40 0.26
desires 0.68 0.44 0.34
angry 0.67 0.47 0.31
conscious 0.65 0.36 0.38
love 0.65 0.58 0.18
personality 0.63 0.54 0.33
thoughts 0.60 0.50 0.33
free_will 0.59 0.42 0.39
intentions 0.48 0.48 0.44
guilt 0.31 0.82 0.13
beliefs 0.19 0.82 0.14
embarrassed 0.28 0.82 0.09
morality 0.17 0.80 0.25
disrespected 0.29 0.78 0.18
pride 0.43 0.74 0.20
emo_recog 0.32 0.72 0.30
self_restraint 0.24 0.70 0.38
reasoning 0.16 0.66 0.48
depressed 0.51 0.63 0.23
self_aware 0.38 0.59 0.35
computations -0.41 0.51 0.40
sounds 0.45 0.08 0.75
temperature 0.41 0.06 0.72
communicating 0.34 0.31 0.71
remembering 0.25 0.41 0.71
depth 0.28 0.32 0.68
seeing 0.56 0.13 0.67
choices 0.37 0.37 0.67
recognizing 0.43 0.39 0.59
odors 0.58 0.22 0.58
goal 0.23 0.41 0.57

Big factor loadings table for all studies (Studies 1-4)

## Joining, by = "mc"
## Joining, by = "mc"
## Joining, by = "mc"
order1 mc s1_MR1 s1_MR2 s1_MR3 s2_MR1 s2_MR2 s2_MR3 s3_MR1 s3_MR2 s3_MR3 s4_MR1 s4_MR2 s4_MR3
1 hungry 0.93 0.01 -0.08 0.92 -0.02 -0.10 0.93 0.10 -0.05 0.84 0.11 0.34
2 pain 0.93 0.10 0.01 0.90 0.07 -0.01 0.90 0.16 0.01 0.86 0.14 0.33
3 tired 0.83 0.23 0.10 0.86 0.16 0.08 0.82 0.31 0.04 0.85 0.21 0.35
4 fear 0.82 0.28 0.06 0.83 0.23 0.09 0.78 0.37 0.10 0.83 0.20 0.37
5 computations -0.74 0.19 0.44 -0.73 0.18 0.47 -0.80 0.08 0.27 -0.41 0.51 0.40
6 pleasure 0.74 0.43 0.11 0.71 0.43 0.10 0.70 0.51 0.11 0.79 0.36 0.35
7 conscious 0.70 0.36 0.12 0.74 0.23 0.15 0.69 0.41 0.20 0.65 0.36 0.38
8 free_will 0.70 0.37 0.09 0.71 0.18 0.14 0.69 0.40 0.18 0.59 0.42 0.39
9 safe 0.70 0.36 0.13 0.70 0.32 0.14 0.69 0.35 0.16 0.73 0.33 0.36
10 desires 0.69 0.40 0.11 0.66 0.43 0.14 0.73 0.44 0.18 0.68 0.44 0.34
11 calm 0.65 0.41 0.17 0.57 0.41 0.25 0.59 0.49 0.25 0.75 0.35 0.32
12 nauseated 0.65 0.50 0.09 0.61 0.40 0.06 0.64 0.50 0.06 0.70 0.40 0.26
13 angry 0.58 0.57 0.08 0.60 0.49 0.08 0.54 0.62 0.11 0.67 0.47 0.31
14 intentions 0.54 0.35 0.27 0.56 0.25 0.34 0.54 0.33 0.34 0.48 0.48 0.44
15 self_aware 0.52 0.48 0.22 0.46 0.49 0.25 0.49 0.48 0.26 0.38 0.59 0.35
16 odors 0.45 -0.01 0.43 0.47 -0.01 0.48 0.54 0.04 0.41 0.58 0.22 0.58
17 embarrassed 0.19 0.85 -0.01 0.16 0.80 -0.05 0.18 0.75 0.02 0.28 0.82 0.09
18 pride 0.28 0.85 0.05 0.26 0.80 -0.01 0.24 0.77 0.08 0.43 0.74 0.20
19 love 0.37 0.81 0.06 0.39 0.72 0.02 0.42 0.70 0.15 0.65 0.58 0.18
20 guilt 0.26 0.80 0.02 0.17 0.84 -0.04 0.19 0.76 0.07 0.31 0.82 0.13
21 depressed 0.37 0.78 0.03 0.39 0.75 0.00 0.35 0.75 0.06 0.51 0.63 0.23
22 disrespected 0.25 0.78 0.04 0.24 0.74 -0.01 0.21 0.75 0.07 0.29 0.78 0.18
23 beliefs 0.11 0.76 0.12 0.11 0.64 0.15 0.10 0.64 0.15 0.19 0.82 0.14
24 emo_recog 0.06 0.70 0.29 0.07 0.67 0.31 0.09 0.62 0.35 0.32 0.72 0.30
25 joy 0.51 0.70 0.10 0.56 0.61 0.12 0.50 0.70 0.14 0.71 0.53 0.25
26 personality 0.23 0.66 0.31 0.20 0.61 0.33 0.21 0.62 0.37 0.63 0.54 0.33
27 happy 0.55 0.65 0.10 0.55 0.64 0.09 0.52 0.68 0.17 0.74 0.50 0.23
28 morality -0.04 0.60 0.32 -0.11 0.57 0.33 -0.10 0.51 0.37 0.17 0.80 0.25
29 thoughts 0.50 0.55 0.22 0.53 0.50 0.23 0.50 0.55 0.33 0.60 0.50 0.33
30 self_restraint 0.24 0.55 0.31 0.09 0.51 0.31 0.19 0.56 0.27 0.24 0.70 0.38
31 remembering -0.20 0.17 0.72 -0.19 0.17 0.72 -0.15 0.19 0.65 0.25 0.41 0.71
32 recognizing -0.29 0.29 0.71 -0.29 0.33 0.63 -0.27 0.29 0.66 0.43 0.39 0.59
33 temperature 0.21 -0.06 0.66 0.26 -0.07 0.60 0.40 -0.06 0.58 0.41 0.06 0.72
34 communicating -0.02 0.20 0.65 0.09 0.12 0.72 -0.11 0.16 0.60 0.34 0.31 0.71
35 goal 0.09 0.17 0.62 0.16 0.13 0.67 0.16 0.21 0.56 0.23 0.41 0.57
36 depth 0.11 0.11 0.62 0.04 0.08 0.58 0.20 0.11 0.58 0.28 0.32 0.68
37 sounds 0.06 -0.05 0.61 0.07 -0.05 0.72 0.20 -0.03 0.64 0.45 0.08 0.75
38 seeing 0.36 -0.07 0.61 0.39 -0.03 0.63 0.37 -0.04 0.55 0.56 0.13 0.67
39 choices 0.25 0.18 0.60 0.21 0.17 0.67 0.27 0.21 0.59 0.37 0.37 0.67
40 reasoning -0.06 0.47 0.57 -0.11 0.42 0.52 -0.13 0.41 0.59 0.16 0.66 0.48

Figure 1

Factor loadings for the 40 mental capacities on the three rotated factors in Study 1. Items are colored by their dominant factor loading: Items that loaded most strongly on the body factor (physiological states and will) are in red; items that loaded most strongly on the soul factor (social-emotional experiences and morality) are in blue; and items that loaded most strongly on the mind factor (perceptual-cognitive abilities and goal pursuit) are in green.

Figure 2

Mean ratings of 40 mental capacities for a subset of the 21 entities included in Study 4. (See Fig. S1 for mean ratings for the full set of entities.) Participants responded on a scale from 0 (Not at all capable) to 6 (Highly capable). Error bars are nonparametric bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals. Mental capacities are grouped according to their dominant factor loading in Study 1. Doing computations was the only item to load negatively on its dominant factor in any study (and did so in Studies 1-3); in Study 4, it loaded positively on its dominant factor (Factor 2, “soul”).

Figure S1 (supplementary materials)

Mean ratings of 40 mental capacities for all 21 entities included in Study 4. Participants responded on a scale from 0 (Not at all capable) to 6 (Highly capable). Error bars are nonparametric bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals. Mental capacities are grouped according to their dominant factor loading in Study 4.